Hyperoxia exposure arrests alveolarization in neonatal rats via PTEN‑induced putative kinase 1‑Parkin and Nip3‑like protein X‑mediated mitophagy disorders.

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), also known as chronic lung disease, is one of the most common respiratory diseases in premature new‑born humans. Mitochondria are not only the main source of reactive oxygen species but are also critical for the maintenance of homeostasis and a wide range of biological activities, such as producing energy, buffering cytosolic calcium and regulating signal transduction. However, as a critical quality control method for mitochondria, little is known about the role of mitophagy in BPD. The present study assessed mitochondrial function in hyperoxia‑exposed alveolar type II (AT‑II) cells of rats during lung development. New‑born Sprague‑Dawley rats were divided into hyperoxia (85% oxygen) and control (21% oxygen) groups. Histopathological and morphological properties of the lung tissues were assessed at postnatal days 1, 3, 7 and 14. Ultrastructural mitochondrial alteration was observed using transmission electron microscopy and the expression of the mitophagy proteins putative kinase (PINK)1, Parkin and Nip3‑like protein X (NIX) in the lung tissues was evaluated using western blotting. Immunofluorescence staining was used to determine the co‑localisation of PINK1 and Parkin. Real‑time analyses of extracellular acidification rate and oxygen consumption rate were performed using primary AT‑II cells to evaluate metabolic changes. Mitochondria in hyperoxia‑exposed rat AT‑II cells began to show abnormal morphological and physiological features. These changes were accompanied by decreased mitochondrial membrane potential and increased expression levels of PINK1‑Parkin and NIX. Increased binding between a mitochondria marker (cytochrome C oxidase subunit IV isoform I) and an autophagy marker (microtubule‑associated protein‑1 light chain‑3B) was observed in primary AT‑II cells and was accompanied by decreased mitochondrial metabolic capacity in model rats. Thus, mitophagy mediated by PINK1, Parkin and NIX in AT‑II cells occurred in hyperoxia‑exposed new‑born rats. These findings suggested that the accumulation of dysfunctional mitochondria may be a key factor in the pathogenesis of BPD and result in attenuated alveolar development.