ReviewTemperature (Austin, Tex.)2020
Temperature regulation in women: Effects of the menstrual cycle.
Review in Temperature (Austin, Tex.), 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 125 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
125 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 223 citations in OpenAlex.
- Sex differences in the impact of extreme heat on cardiovascular disease outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Environmental health : a global access science source · 2025Pooled it
- Innovative Approaches to Menstruation and Fertility Tracking Using Wearable Reproductive Health Technology: Systematic Review.Journal of medical Internet research · 2024Pooled it
- Menstrual cycle hormones and oral contraceptives: a multimethod systems physiology-based review of their impact on key aspects of female physiology.Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) · 2023Pooled it
- Physiological Rhythms and Biological Variation of Biomolecules: The Road to Personalized Laboratory Medicine.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Pooled it
- Female (Under) Representation in Exercise Thermoregulation Research.Sports medicine - open · 2021Pooled it
- Intramuscular Temperature Changes in the Quadriceps Femoris Muscle After Post-Exercise Cold-Water Immersion (10°C for 10 min): A Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis.Frontiers in sports and active living · 2021Pooled it
- Effects of exercise in cool versus hot conditions on pathways of gut permeability, systemic inflammation, and iron homeostasis in female athletes.Physiological reports · 2026Trial
- Hydration Responses to Pre-Exercise Sodium Hyperhydration at Rest and During Cycling in the Heat and Across Menstrual Cycle Phases.Nutrients · 2025Trial
- Dark Chocolate Mitigates Premenstrual Performance Impairments and Muscle Soreness in Female CrossFitNutrients · 2025Trial
- The effectiveness of cryostimulation exposure on sleep and recovery in male athletes: Timing considerations.European journal of sport science · 2024Trial
- Plateau in Core Temperature during Shorter but Not Longer Work/Rest Cycles in Heat.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2024Trial
- A Menthol-Enhanced "Cooling" Energy Gel Does Not Influence Laboratory Time Trial Performance in Trained Runners.Nutrients · 2023Trial
- Effect of Aerobic Exercise Training on Sleep and Core Temperature in Middle-Aged Women with Chronic Insomnia: A Randomized Controlled Trial.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Trial
- Sex difference in initial thermoregulatory response to dehydrated exercise in the heat.Physiological reports · 2021Trial
- Heat, menstruation, and mental health in adolescence and young adulthood: Understudied in climate-health research.Dialogues in health · 2026Review
- Modeling ovarian hormone effects on glucose-insulin control in type 1 diabetes.Bioengineering & translational medicine · 2026Review
- Clinical applicable skin-interfaced thermal guiding sensor for warning perioperative abnormalities in core body temperature and blood perfusion rate.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Inadequate fluid replacement during prolonged cycling in the heat impairs time trial performance independent of serum sodium concentrations.European journal of applied physiology · 2026Article
- Fueling Women's Football: Evidence-Informed Practical Nutrition Strategies for Performance and Health.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2026Review
- Hypothalamic actions of estrogens in the regulation of energy and glucose homeostasis.Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders · 2026Review
65 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Core body temperature changes across the ovulatory menstrual cycle, such that it is 0.3°C to 0.7°C higher in the post-ovulatory luteal phase when progesterone is high compared with the pre-ovulatory follicular phase. This temperature difference, which is most evident during sleep or immediately upon waking before any activity, is used by women as a retrospective indicator of an ovulatory cycle. Here, we review both historical and current literature aimed at characterizing changes in core body temperature across the menstrual cycle, considering the assessment of the circadian rhythm of core body temperature and thermoregulatory responses to challenges, including heat and cold exposure, exercise, and fever. We discuss potential mechanisms for the thermogenic effect of progesterone and the temperature-lowering effect of estrogen, and discuss effects on body temperature of exogenous formulations of these hormones as contained in oral contraceptives. We review new wearable temperature sensors aimed at tracking daily temperature changes of women across multiple menstrual cycles and highlight the need for future research on the validity and reliability of these devices. Despite the change in core body temperature across the menstrual cycle being so well identified, there remain gaps in our current understanding, particularly about the underlying mechanisms and microcircuitry involved in the temperature changes.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.