ArticleScientific reports2020
IL-4/IL-13 remodeling pathway of COVID-19 lung injury.
Article in Scientific reports, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 76 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
76 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 119 citations in OpenAlex.
- Immunoinflammatory evidence of rheumatoid arthritis caused by COVID-19.Biological research · 2025Pooled it
- COVID-19 pandemic: the delta variant, T-cell responses, and the efficacy of developing vaccines.Inflammation research : official journal of the European Histamine Research Society ... [et al.] · 2022Pooled it
- Iron dysregulation in COVID-19 and reciprocal evolution of SARS-CoV-2: Natura nihil frustra facit.Journal of cellular biochemistry · 2022Pooled it
- Efficacy and safety of add-on Viola odorata L. in the treatment of COVID-19: A randomized double-blind controlled trial.Journal of ethnopharmacology · 2023Trial
- Lung Neutrophilic Recruitment and IL-8/IL-17A Tissue Expression in COVID-19.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Trial
- Explainable machine learning-based mortality risk stratification for older adults with COVID-19: pinpointing core immunological biomarkers and revealing dose-threshold effects.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Increasing inflammatory biomarkers are associated with mortality in critically ill COVID-19 patients despite anti-inflammatory treatment.Clinical and experimental medicine · 2025Observational
- Role of the Inflammasome Pathway According to the Expression of Proteins and Genetic Polymorphisms in COVID-19 Patients.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Observational
- Immunological Mechanisms Underlying Allergy Predisposition After SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Children.Cells · 2025Review
- [Clinical characteristics and cytokine gene expression in patients with post-COVID-19 syndrome].Revista medica del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social · 2025Observational
- The Effects of Cocoons ofCurrent therapeutic research, clinical and experimental · 2025Article
- Association of plasma microRNAs with COVID-19 severity and outcome.Journal, genetic engineering & biotechnology · 2024Article
- Bi-directional regulation between inflammation and stem cells in the respiratory tract.Journal of cell science · 2024Review
- The Potential of Glucosinolates and Their Hydrolysis Products as Inhibitors of Cytokine Storms.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Article
- Identifying the Interaction Between Tuberculosis and SARS-CoV-2 Infections via Bioinformatics Analysis and Machine Learning.Biochemical genetics · 2024Article
- Immune Response Dynamics and Biomarkers in COVID-19 Patients.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Gene Regulatory Network Analysis of Post-Mortem Lungs Unveils Novel Insights into COVID-19 Pathogenesis.Viruses · 2024Article
- Features of Appendix and the Characteristics of Appendicitis Development in Children with COVID-19.Biomedicines · 2024Article
- Pro-Inflammatory and Anti-Inflammatory Interleukins in Infectious Diseases: A Comprehensive Review.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2024Review
16 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The COVID-19 fatality rate is high when compared to the H1N1pdm09 (pandemic Influenza A virus H1N1 subtype) rate, and although both cause an aggravated inflammatory response, the differences in the mechanisms of both pandemic pneumonias need clarification. Thus, our goal was to analyze tissue expression of interleukins 4, 13, (IL-4, IL-13), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), and the number of M2 macrophages (Sphingosine-1) in patients who died by COVID-19, comparing with cases of severe pneumopathy caused by H1N1pdm09, and a control group without lung injury. Six lung biopsy samples of patients who died of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19 group) were used and compared with ten lung samples of adults who died from a severe infection of H1N1pdm09 (H1N1 group) and eleven samples of patients who died from different causes without lung injury (CONTROL group). The expression of IL-4, IL-13, TGF-β, and M2 macrophages score (Sphingosine-1) were identified through immunohistochemistry (IHC). Significantly higher IL-4 tissue expression and Sphingosine-1 in M2 macrophages were observed in the COVID-19 group compared to both the H1N1 and the CONTROL groups. A different mechanism of diffuse alveolar damage (DAD) in SARS-CoV-2 compared to H1N1pdm09 infections were observed. IL-4 expression and lung remodeling are phenomena observed in both SARS-CoV-2 and H1N1pdm09. However, SARS-CoV-2 seems to promote lung damage through different mechanisms, such as the scarce participation Th1/Th17 response and the higher participation of the Th2. Understanding and managing the aggravated and ineffective immune response elicited by SARS-CoV-2 merits further clarification to improve treatments propose.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.