Trial reportThe Journal of clinical investigation2021
Sustained cellular immune dysregulation in individuals recovering from SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Trial report in The Journal of clinical investigation, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 95 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
95 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 157 citations in OpenAlex.
- Epidemiology and Pathophysiology of COVID-19-Associated Mucormycosis: India Versus the Rest of the World.Mycopathologia · 2021Pooled it
- Increased antibody titers but induced T cell AICD and apoptosis response in COVID-19 convalescents by inactivated vaccine booster.Microbiology spectrum · 2024Trial
- Respiratory syncytial virus disease burden in adults aged ≥50 years old: A retrospective national surveillance database analysis in Mexico (2015-2023).Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Article
- COVID-19 Is Airborne AIDS: Provocative Oversimplification, Emerging Science, or Something in Between?AJPM focus · 2026Review
- Review
- Excess primary healthcare consultations in Norway in 2024 compared to pre-COVID-19-pandemic baseline trends.Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique · 2026Article
- Article
- Mechanisms and impact of long COVID: pathophysiology, neuropsychiatric effects and vaccination.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Biological Plausibility Between Long-COVID and Periodontal Disease Development or Progression.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- Robust antibody and T cell responses tracked longitudinally in patients with long COVID.The Journal of general virology · 2025Article
- Differential immune profiles in elderly patients with non-severe versus severe SARS-CoV-2 omicron variant infection: dysregulation of antibody responses and B-cell subsets.Immunity & ageing : I & A · 2025Article
- Post-Covid-19 Symptoms in Children: A Cross-Sectional Survey.Journal of paediatrics and child health · 2025Article
- Hospitalizations for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in Sicily from 2008 to 2021: clinical features and predictors of severity.Italian journal of pediatrics · 2025Article
- Impact of age and prior COVID-19 on the response to influenza a components in the 2020-2021 Fluzone vaccine.Vaccine · 2025Article
- The Impact of Vaccination Frequency on COVID-19 Public Health Outcomes: A Model-Based Analysis.Vaccines · 2025Article
- Relationship Between Acute SARS-CoV-2 Viral Clearance and Long COVID-19 (Long COVID) Symptoms: A Cohort Study.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2025Article
- TIGIT Regulates T Cell Inflammation in Airway Inflammatory Diseases.Inflammation · 2025Review
- Long-term immune changes after COVID-19 and the effect of BCG vaccination and latent infections on disease severity.Clinical & translational immunology · 2025Article
- Amplification of select autonomous HERV loci and surrounding host gene transcription in monocytes from patients with post-acute sequelae of COVID-19.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Lung-resident SARS-CoV-2 peptide-specific immune responses in perfused 3D human lung explant models.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2025Article
35 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
15 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 causes a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations and significant mortality. Studies investigating underlying immune characteristics are needed to understand disease pathogenesis and inform vaccine design. In this study, we examined immune cell subsets in hospitalized and nonhospitalized individuals. In hospitalized patients, many adaptive and innate immune cells were decreased in frequency compared with those of healthy and convalescent individuals, with the exception of an increase in B lymphocytes. Our findings show increased frequencies of T cell activation markers (CD69, OX40, HLA-DR, and CD154) in hospitalized patients, with other T cell activation/exhaustion markers (PD-L1 and TIGIT) remaining elevated in hospitalized and nonhospitalized individuals. B cells had a similar pattern of activation/exhaustion, with increased frequency of CD69 and CD95 during hospitalization followed by an increase in PD1 frequencies in nonhospitalized individuals. Interestingly, many of these changes were found to increase over time in nonhospitalized longitudinal samples, suggesting a prolonged period of immune dysregulation after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Changes in T cell activation/exhaustion in nonhospitalized patients were found to positively correlate with age. Severely infected individuals had increased expression of activation and exhaustion markers. These data suggest a prolonged period of immune dysregulation after SARS-CoV-2 infection, highlighting the need for additional studies investigating immune dysregulation in convalescent individuals.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.