ReviewFrontiers in immunology2020
The SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein Biosynthesis, Structure, Function, and Antigenicity: Implications for the Design of Spike-Based Vaccine Immunogens.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 229 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
229 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 436 citations in OpenAlex.
- A Meta-Analysis on the Immunogenicity of Homologous versus Heterologous Immunization Regimens against SARS-CoV-2 Beta, Delta, and Omicron BA.1 VoCs in Healthy Adults.Journal of microbiology and biotechnology · 2025Pooled it
- Detecting SARS-CoV-2 in sludge samples: A systematic review.The Science of the total environment · 2023Pooled it
- Effectiveness and Safety of COVID-19 Vaccinations: An Umbrella Meta-Analysis.International journal of public health · 2023Pooled it
- A Spike-Linked HPV16 E7 DNA Vaccine Induces Potent Antitumor and Anti-Spike Immune Responses.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Cryo-EM analysis of cooperative conformational changes in the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein trimer.IUCrJ · 2026Article
- A protocol for computational design of mRNA vaccines with high functionality and specificity.Biology direct · 2026Article
- Targeting SARS-CoV-2 Structural and Accessory Proteins: Emerging Opportunities for Small-Molecule Coronavirus Antivirals.Pharmaceutics · 2026Review
- In-Depth Molecular Dynamics Simulations Reveal Ligand-Induced Modulations of the HSPA8-SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Interaction.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Differential contributions of human oligosaccharyltransferase complexes OST-A and OST-B to HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein glycosylation.Journal of virology · 2026Article
- Systematic profiling of SARS-CoV-2 structural protein-specific T cell epitopes in Omicron infections following inactivated vaccination.iScience · 2026Article
- Informing the Value of "Boosting" Immunocompetent Adults based on Immune Responses Among US Service Members to SARS-CoV-2 Variants in Late 2024.Open forum infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Article
- Rational design 2.0: transitioning from static structural biology to computational prioritization and iterative vaccine optimization for RSV.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Immunoinformatics and molecular modeling approaches to design a multi-epitope vaccine against Tibrovirus Congo.Open medicine (Warsaw, Poland) · 2026Article
- Enhancing protein immunogenicity prediction via uncertainty weighted deep ensemble.Oxford open immunology · 2026Article
- Improving directed evolution strategies: error-prone PCR optimization for SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor binding domain.Molecular biology reports · 2025Article
- Spike conformational and glycan heterogeneity associated with furin cleavage causes incomplete neutralization of SARS-CoV-2.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Molecular mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 entry: implications for biomedical strategies.Microbiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR · 2025Review
- The F1148 hydrophobic lock: A critical determinant of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-mediated membrane fusion via the 3H/CH cavity.PLoS pathogens · 2025Article
- Molecular and pathological confirmation of natural feline coronavirus infection in a captive persian leopard (Open veterinary journal · 2025Article
169 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), poses a grave threat to global public health and imposes a severe burden on the entire human society. Like other coronaviruses, the SARS-CoV-2 genome encodes spike (S) glycoproteins, which protrude from the surface of mature virions. The S glycoprotein plays essential roles in virus attachment, fusion and entry into the host cell. Surface location of the S glycoprotein renders it a direct target for host immune responses, making it the main target of neutralizing antibodies. In the light of its crucial roles in viral infection and adaptive immunity, the S protein is the focus of most vaccine strategies as well as therapeutic interventions. In this review, we highlight and describe the recent progress that has been made in the biosynthesis, structure, function, and antigenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein, aiming to provide valuable insights into the design and development of the S protein-based vaccines as well as therapeutics.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.