ReviewOncoTargets and therapy2020
Toll-Like Receptor 9 Agonists in Cancer.
Review in OncoTargets and therapy, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 87 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
87 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 122 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Frontier of Melanoma Treatment: Defeating Immunotherapy Resistance-A Systematic Review.Oncology research · 2026Pooled it
- Common variants in toll-like receptor family genes and risk of gastric cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in genetics · 2023Pooled it
- An Open-Label Study of Subcutaneous CpG Oligodeoxynucleotide (PF03512676) in Combination with Trastuzumab in Patients with Metastatic HER2+ Breast Cancer.Cancer control : journal of the Moffitt Cancer CenterTrial
- Review
- TLR2 and TLR9 in Brain Cancer Patients in Relation to EBV Status.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Unveiling the sensing potential of innate lymphoid cells.Communications biology · 2026Review
- Increased Toll-like receptor 9 expression associated with cellular proliferation and poor prognosis in pleural mesothelioma.Journal of pathology and translational medicine · 2026Article
- The Evolving Role of Intralesional Therapy in In-Transit Melanoma.Current oncology (Toronto, Ont.) · 2026Review
- <p>Converting 'cold' to 'hot' hepatocellular carcinoma for improved immunotherapy (Review)</p>.Molecular medicine reports · 2026Review
- Stoking an anti-liver cancer immune response with cryoablation plus an intratumoral TLR9 agonist and dual checkpoint inhibitors.Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII · 2026Article
- The science of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL): perspectives from the SITC Surgery Committee.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2025Review
- Intravenous administration of CpG7909 lipoplex enhances anti-PD1 immunotherapy by modulating the tumor microenvironment and inducing durable tumor regression.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Flagellins as Vaccine Adjuvants and Cancer Immunotherapy: Recent Advances and Future Prospects.Immunology · 2025Review
- Chronic intermittent hypoxia drives M1 macrophage polarization in dorsal root ganglia.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2025Article
- Rational design of stimuli responsive nanoparticle systems for the controlled, intracellular delivery of immunotherapeutic and chemotherapeutic agents.Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society · 2025Article
- Immunomodulatory Natural Products in Cancer Organoid-Immune Co-Cultures: Bridging the Research Gap for Precision Immunotherapy.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Article
- Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) expression correlates with cell of origin and predicts clinical outcome in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.BMC cancer · 2025Article
- Lefitolimod in Combination with Ipilimumab in Patients with Advanced Solid Tumors: A Phase I Trial.Journal of immunotherapy and precision oncology · 2025Article
- Beyond Adaptive Immunity: Trained Innate Immune Responses as a Novel Frontier in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Therapy.Cancers · 2025Review
27 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) is a pattern recognition receptor that is predominantly located intracellularly in immune cells, including dendritic cells, macrophages, natural killer cells, and other antigen-presenting cells (APC). The primary ligands for TLR9 receptors are unmethylated cytidine phosphate guanosine (CpG) oligodinucleotides (ODN). TLR9 agonists induce inflammatory processes that result in the enhanced uptake and killing of microorganisms and cancer cells as well as the generation of adaptive immune responses. Preclinical studies of TLR9 agonists suggested efficacy both as monotherapy and in combination with several agents, which led to clinical trials in patients with advanced cancer. In these studies, intravenous, intratumoral, and subcutaneous routes of administration have been tested; with anti-tumor responses in both treated and untreated metastatic sites. TLR9 agonist monotherapy is safe, although efficacy is minimal in advanced cancer patients; conversely, combinations appear to be more promising. Several ongoing phase I and II clinical trials are evaluating TLR9 agonists in combination with a variety of agents including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy agents. In this review article, we describe the distribution, structure and signaling of TLR9; discuss the results of preclinical studies of TLR9 agonists; and review ongoing clinical trials of TLR9 agonists singly and in combination in patients with advanced solid tumors.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.