ArticleBMJ global health2020
In pursuit of 'safe' water: the burden of personal injury from water fetching in 21 low-income and middle-income countries.
Article in BMJ global health, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 38 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
38 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Systematic Review of the Microbiological Performance of Household Water Treatment Technologies.Environmental science & technology · 2025Pooled it
- Water Insecurity is Associated with Lack of Viral Suppression and Greater Odds of AIDS-Defining Illnesses Among Adults with HIV in Western Kenya.AIDS and behavior · 2022Trial
- Household Water and Food Insecurity Are Positively Associated with Poor Mental and Physical Health among Adults Living with HIV in Western Kenya.The Journal of nutrition · 2021Trial
- Household living conditions and mental health of youth and adults: differences between urban and rural regions.BMC psychology · 2026Article
- Infectious Diarrhea in Early Childhood across the Global South: Etiologic Diversity and Pathogenic Mechanisms.ACS infectious diseases · 2026Review
- User perceptions of a point-of-use water filtration device: Qualitative, focus group study.PloS one · 2026Article
- Estimating the global burden of diarrhea among young children with wasting and stunting and its projection to 2050: evidence from the Global Burden of Disease 2021 study.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2026Article
- Mixed-methods study to test and assess uptake for gender-specific WASH indicators in Bangladesh: study protocol.BMJ public health · 2026Article
- Household resilience and adaptation strategies for enhancing access to energy, water, and food during droughts and floods: A qualitative study.International journal of hygiene and environmental health · 2026Article
- Interacting Water Insecurity and Food Insecurity: Recent Advances in Theory and Application.American journal of human biology : the official journal of the Human Biology Council · 2025Article
- Water Insecurity in the Jordan Valley: Community Perspectives on Its Impacts on Maternal and Child Health.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Article
- Public health implications of satellite-detected widespread damage to WASH infrastructure in the Gaza Strip.PLOS global public health · 2025Article
- The GBD 2021 perspective: COVID-19's impact on diarrheal mortality and etiological trends, 1990-2021.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Article
- Implementation Lessons of a Water Insecurity Intervention During a Drought in Mexico.Annals of global health · 2025Article
- Women's experiences collecting and accessing water in Guatemala, Honduras, Kenya, and Zimbabwe: A mixed-methods investigation.PLOS global public health · 2025Article
- Coping strategies for household water insecurity in rural Gambia, mediating factors in the relationship between weather, water and health.BMC public health · 2024Article
- Exploring the experiences of the overburden of water collection responsibility of rural women in Ghana.Journal of water and health · 2024Article
- Water Treatment Practices and Misperceived Social Norms among Women Living with Young Children in Rural Uganda.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2024Article
- Addressing the Impact of Climate Change on Sexual and Reproductive Health Among Adolescent Girls and Young Women in Low- and Middle-Income Countries.Global health, science and practice · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
introductionWater fetching for household needs can cause injury, but documentation of the burden of harm globally has been limited. We described the frequency, characteristics and correlates of water-fetching injuries in 24 sites in 21 low-income and middle-income countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America and the Caribbean.
methodsIn a survey of 6291 randomly selected households, respondents reported whether and how they had experienced water-fetching injuries. Responses were coded for injury type, mechanism, bodily location and physical context. We then identified correlates of injury using a multilevel, mixed-effects logistic regression model.
resultsThirteen per cent of respondents reported at least one water-fetching injury. Of 879 injuries, fractures and dislocations were the most commonly specified type (29.2%), and falls were the most commonly specified mechanism (76.4%). Where specified, 61.1% of injuries occurred to the lower limbs, and dangerous terrain (69.4%) was the most frequently reported context. Significant correlates included being female (aOR=1.50, 95% CI 1.15 to 1.96); rural (aOR=4.80, 95% CI 2.83 to 8.15) or periurban residence (aOR=2.75, 95% CI 1.64 to 4.60); higher household water insecurity scores (aOR=1.09, 95% CI 1.07 to 1.10) and reliance on surface water (aOR=1.97, 95% CI 1.21 to 3.22) or off-premise water sources that required queueing (aOR=1.72, 95% CI 1.19 to 2.49).
conclusionThese data suggest that water-fetching injuries are an underappreciated and largely unmeasured public health challenge. We offer guidelines for comprehensive data collection on injuries to better capture the true burden of inadequate water access. Such data can guide the design of interventions to reduce injury risk and promote equitable water access solutions.
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