ReviewVirus research2021
Ozone therapy in COVID-19: A narrative review.
Review in Virus research, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 39 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
39 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 83 citations in OpenAlex.
- Benefits of ozone on mortality in patients with COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Complementary therapies in medicine · 2023Pooled it
- Ozone as an adjuvant therapy for COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis.International immunopharmacology · 2022Pooled it
- CORonavirus-19 mild to moderate pneumonia Management with blood Ozonization in patients with Respiratory failure (CORMOR) multicentric prospective randomized clinical trial.International immunopharmacology · 2021Trial
- Safety and efficacy of ozone therapy in mild to moderate COVID-19 patients: A phase 1/11 randomized control trial (SEOT study).International immunopharmacology · 2021Trial
- Ozone gas applied through nebulization as adjuvant treatment for lung respiratory diseases due to COVID-19 infections: a prospective randomized trial.Medical gas researchTrial
- Major Ozonated Autoheamotherapy Alleviates Skeletal Muscle Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury by Regulating Nrf2/HO-1 Pathway.The Kaohsiung journal of medical sciences · 2025Article
- Efficiency of Ozone Applied in Flow and at Low Pressures in the Inactivation ofFoods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- The Effect of Inhaled Ozone Therapy in Two-Hit Rat Model of Lipopolysaccharides-Induced Acute Lung Injury and Bleomycin-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis.The protein journal · 2025Article
- Article
- Medical gases in respiratory diseases: ozone, argon, and nitric oxide as game-changers in therapeutics.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Review
- Therapeutic efficacy of ozonated blood in severe COVID-19 patients: a randomized controlled trial.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
- Advances in Electrostatic Plasma Methods for Purification of Airborne Pathogenic Microbial Aerosols: Mechanism, Modeling and Application.Environment & health (Washington, D.C.) · 2024Review
- Natural and socio-environmental factors in the transmission of COVID-19: a comprehensive analysis of epidemiology and mechanisms.BMC public health · 2024Review
- The therapeutic effect of sufficient oxygen-rich PRP injection in facial rejuvenation by multiple objective evaluations in 26 cases.Regenerative therapy · 2024Article
- Physico-Chemical Investigation and Antimicrobial Efficacy of Ozonated Oils: The Case Study of Commercial Ozonated Olive and Sunflower Seed Refined Oils.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Ozone promotes macrophage efferocytosis and alleviates neuropathic pain by activating the AMPK/Gas6-MerTK/SOCS3 signaling pathway.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Major ozonated autohemotherapy promoted functional recovery following spinal cord injury in adult rats via the inhibition of oxidative stress and inflammation.Open life sciences · 2024Article
- Modifications of Blood Molecular Components after Treatment with Low Ozone Concentrations.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Cytokine profile and antioxidants status in the moderate and severe COVID-19 patients: a trial of ozone therapy impact as a medicinal supplement.Inflammopharmacology · 2023Article
- Impact of the Application of Gaseous Ozone on Selected Pathogens Found in Animal Shelters and Other Facilities.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The main objective of this narrative review is to describe the available evidence on the possible antiviral activity of ozone in patients with COVID-19 and its therapeutic applicability through hospital protocols. Amongst different possible therapies for SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia, ozone therapy seems to have an immunological role because of the modulation of cytokines and interferons, including the induction of gamma interferon. Some data suggest the possible role of ozone therapy in SARS, either as a monotherapy or, more realistically, as an adjunct to standard treatment regimens; therefore, there is increasing interest in the role of ozone therapy in COVID-19 treatment The PubMed and Scopus databases and the Italian Scientific Society of Oxygen Ozone Therapy website were used to identify articles focused on ozone therapy. The search was limited to articles published from January 2011 to July 2020. Of 280 articles found on ozone therapy, 13 were selected and narratively reviewed. Ozone exerts antiviral activity through the inhibition of viral replication and direct inactivation of viruses. Ozone is an antiviral drug enhancer and is not an alternative to antiviral drugs. Combined treatment with involving ozone and antivirals demonstrated a reduction in inflammation and lung damage. The routes of ozone administration are direct intravenous, major autohaemotherapy and extravascular blood oxygenation-ozonation. Systemic ozone therapy seems useful in controlling inflammation, stimulating immunity and as antiviral activity and providing protection from acute coronary syndromes and ischaemia reperfusion damage, thus suggesting a new methodology of immune therapy. Systemic ozone therapy in combination with antivirals in COVID-19-positive patients may be justified, helpful and synergic.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.