ArticleAnimal cognition2021
Dog cognitive development: a longitudinal study across the first 2 years of life.
Article in Animal cognition, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 39 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
39 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 73 citations in OpenAlex.
- A systematic review on the effect of individual characteristics and management practices on equine cognition.Animal cognition · 2025Pooled it
- Judgment Bias Responses in Domestic Dog Puppies at 60 Days of Age.Veterinary sciences · 2026Article
- Cognitive Assessment for Neuropsychological Impairments in Dogs (CANID): An Efficient, Repeatable, and Sensitive Evaluation for Age-related Cognitive Dysfunction.Research square · 2026Article
- From Control to Clue: Integrating Olfaction into the Object-Choice Task for Domestic Dogs (Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Article
- Social communicative characteristics of adolescent police dogs: Acquired experience plays a crucial role.Animal cognition · 2026Article
- Evaluating effects of aging on dog olfactory performance.GeroScience · 2026Article
- Functional assessments of short-term spatial memory in the Dog Aging Project identify strong associations with age that are not moderated by body mass.GeroScience · 2026Article
- Behavioural manifestations of human-directed social motivation in dogs.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Quantifying placebo and trial participation effects on cognitive outcome measures in aging dogs.GeroScience · 2025Article
- Inhibitory control tests in non-human animals: validity, reliability, and perspectives.Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · 2025Review
- Functional assessments of short-term spatial memory in the Dog Aging Project identify strong associations with age that are not moderated by body mass.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- The companion dog as a translational model for Alzheimer's disease: Development of a longitudinal research platform and post mortem protocols.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025Article
- Let's talk about "talking" dogs! Reviewing the science behind a bold idea.Biologia futura · 2025Review
- Article
- Pigs solve a cooperative task without showing a clear understanding of the need for a partner.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Characterizing dog cognitive aging using spontaneous problem-solving measures: development of a battery of tests from the Dog Aging Project.GeroScience · 2025Article
- Temporal consistency of behavior trait measurements in guide dogs.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2025Article
- Companion dogs flexibly and spontaneously comprehend human gestures in multiple contexts.Animal cognition · 2024Article
- Longitudinal evidence for the emergence of multiple intelligences in assistance dog puppies.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- Feline Cognition and the Role of Nutrition: An Evolutionary Perspective and Historical Review.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
While our understanding of adult dog cognition has grown considerably over the past 20 years, relatively little is known about the ontogeny of dog cognition. To assess the development and longitudinal stability of cognitive traits in dogs, we administered a battery of tasks to 160 candidate assistance dogs at 2 timepoints. The tasks were designed to measure diverse aspects of cognition, ranging from executive function (e.g., inhibitory control, reversal learning, memory) to sensory discrimination (e.g., vision, audition, olfaction) to social interaction with humans. Subjects first participated as 8-10-week-old puppies, and then were retested on the same tasks at ~ 21 months of age. With few exceptions, task performance improved with age, with the largest effects observed for measures of executive function and social gaze. Results also indicated that individual differences were both early emerging and enduring; for example, social attention to humans, use of human communicative signals, independent persistence at a problem, odor discrimination, and inhibitory control all exhibited moderate levels of rank-order stability between the two timepoints. Using multiple regression, we found that young adult performance on many cognitive tasks could be predicted from a set of cognitive measures collected in early development. Our findings contribute to knowledge about changes in dog cognition across early development as well as the origins and developmental stability of individual differences.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.