ArticleScientific reports2020
Increased estrogen to androgen ratio enhances immunoglobulin levels and impairs B cell function in male mice.
Article in Scientific reports, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 29 citations in OpenAlex.
- Human biomarker navigator.iMeta · 2026Review
- Pre-Treatment with Estradiol, But not Progesterone, Exacerbates DSS Colitis: Dysregulated Innate Immunity and Impaired Epithelial Damage Response.Inflammation · 2026Article
- Article
- Testis Molecular Pathways in CAIS Unveil Testosterone/Estradiol on Germ Cell Tumor Risk in Non-Obstructive Azoospermia.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2026Article
- Females with Obesity Exhibit Greater Influenza Vaccine-induced Immunity and Protection than Males in a Mouse Model.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Prenatal Inflammation Reprograms Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis Development in Female Rats.Inflammation · 2025Article
- Can Sex-based Variations in the Immune Responses to AAV Gene Therapy Affect Safety and Efficacy? A Review of Current Understanding.The AAPS journal · 2025Review
- Baricitinib and Lonafarnib Synergistically Target Progerin and Inflammation, Improving Lifespan and Health in Progeria Mice.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Females with obesity exhibit greater influenza vaccine-induced immunity and protection than males in a mouse model.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Evaluation of dermatologic adverse events associated with aromatase inhibitors: insights from the FAERS database.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Article
- A humanized mouse that mounts mature class-switched, hypermutated and neutralizing antibody responses.Nature immunology · 2024Article
- Sex differences in cancer and immunotherapy outcomes: the role of androgen receptor.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- B cells: roles in physiology and pathology of pregnancy.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Integrated omics profiling of individual variations in intestinal damage to the soybean allergen in piglets.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2024Article
- Hormones and B-cell development in health and autoimmunity.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Thrombosis and bleeding after COVID-19 vaccination: do differences in sex matter?Blood transfusion = Trasfusione del sangue · 2023Review
- Article
- Monitoring longitudinal disease progression in a novel murine Kit tumor model using high-field MRI.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Potential immunological effects of gender-affirming hormone therapy in transgender people - an unexplored area of research.Therapeutic advances in endocrinology and metabolism · 2022Review
- Gut feelings: the microbiota-gut-brain axis on steroids.American journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and liver physiology · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
17 authors at 6 institutions in 5 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Sex steroids, such as estrogens and androgens, are important regulators of the humoral immune response. Studies in female mice have demonstrated that alteration of circulating estrogen concentration regulates antibody-mediated immunity. As males have normally little endogenous estrogen, we hypothesized that in males high estrogens and low androgens affect the immune system and enhance the allergic inflammatory response. Here, we studied transgenic male mice expressing human aromatase (AROM+). These animals have a high circulating estrogen to androgen ratio (E/A), causing female traits such as gynecomastia. We found that AROM+ male mice had significantly higher plasma immunoglobulin levels, particularly IgE. Flow cytometry analyses of splenocytes revealed changes in mature/immature B cell ratio together with a transcriptional upregulation of the Igh locus. Furthermore, higher proliferation rate and increased IgE synthesis after IgE class-switching was found. Subsequently, we utilized an ovalbumin airway challenge model to test the allergic response in AROM+ male mice. In line with above observations, an increase in IgE levels was measured, albeit no impact on immune cell infiltration into the lungs was detected. Together, our findings suggest that high circulating E/A in males significantly alters B cell function without any significant enhancement in allergic inflammation.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.