ArticleBMC pediatrics2020
Early life household intactness and timing of pubertal onset in girls: a prospective cohort study.
Article in BMC pediatrics, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 16 citations in OpenAlex.
- Modern Determinants of Earlier Menarche and Mental Health: A Translational Review for Clinicians.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Analysis of Tanner stage in children conceived after the diagnosis of infertility: the DESCRT study.Journal of assisted reproduction and genetics · 2025Article
- Early life stress and pubertal predictors of subsequent substance use in a national diverse sample of adolescents: Sex and substance type matter.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2025Article
- Coming of age in war: Early life adversity, age at menarche, and mental health.Psychoneuroendocrinology · 2024Review
- Applying Life History Theory to Understand Earlier Onset of Puberty: An Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Cohort Analysis.The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine · 2024Article
- Association between the timing of childhood adversity and epigenetic patterns across childhood and adolescence: findings from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) prospective cohort.The Lancet. Child & adolescent health · 2023Article
- Endocrine Health and Health Care Disparities in the Pediatric and Sexual and Gender Minority Populations: An Endocrine Society Scientific Statement.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2023Article
- Women's Reproductive Milestones and Cardiovascular Disease Risk: A Review of Reports and Opportunities From the CARDIA Study.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2023Review
- Neighborhood Racial and Economic Privilege and Timing of Pubertal Onset in Girls.The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine · 2023Article
- Does pubertal stage mediate the association between family environment and structure and function of the amygdala-mPFC circuit? A replication study of the longitudinal ABCD cohort.Developmental cognitive neuroscience · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundGirls who experience early-life familial stress may have heightened risk of early puberty, which has adverse implications for adolescent and adult health. We assessed the association between household intactness and pubertal onset using a racially/ethnically diverse cohort of girls from Northern California.
methodsA prospective cohort study of 26,044 girls born in 2003-10. Girls living with both parents from birth up to 6 years were considered to come from "intact" households while others constituted "non-intact" households. Pubertal development was measured using pediatrician-assessed Tanner staging for breast and pubic hair. Pubertal onset was defined as the transition from Tanner Stage 1 to 2+ for breast (thelarche) and pubic hair (pubarche). Menarche data was collected from routine well-child questionnaires. Weibull regression models accommodating left, right, and interval censoring were used to determine risk of earlier thelarche and pubarche, and logistic regressions were used to assess the risk of early menarche (age < 12).
resultsGirls exposed to non-intact households before age 2 years were at increased risk for earlier thelarche and pubarche with significant effect modification by race/ethnicity, compared with girls from intact households. The associations were strongest among Black girls (adjusted hazard ratio [HR]: 1.60, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.29,1.98; HR: 1.42, 95%CI: 1.15,1.77 for thelarche and pubarche, respectively). There were no significant associations among Asian/Pacific Islanders. Girls who lived in non-intact households before age 2 years were also at increased risk for earlier menarche, but without race/ethnic interaction. Adjustment for prepubertal obesity did not change these associations. Associations between living in non-intact households after age 2 years and early puberty were weaker but still significant.
conclusionsExposure to a non-intact household early in life may increase the risk of early puberty in girls. Future psychosocial interventions focused on improving family cohesiveness and efforts to reduce childhood stress among families that are non-intact may mitigate these negative associations, thereby preventing future adverse health effects of early puberty and health disparities.
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