ArticleCancer causes & control : CCC2021
Does having one or more smoking friends mediate the transition from e-cigarette use to cigarette smoking: a longitudinal study of Canadian youth.
Article in Cancer causes & control : CCC, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Electronic cigarettes and subsequent cigarette smoking in young people: A systematic review.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2025Pooled it
- A systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between e-cigarette use among non-tobacco users and initiating smoking of combustible cigarettes.Harm reduction journal · 2024Pooled it
- Role of social-cognitive factors in the relationship between e-cigarette use and subsequent cigarette smoking among U.S. youth: A causal mediation analysis.Addictive behaviors · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
purposeStudies have shown consistent associations between youth e-cigarette use and subsequent smoking uptake. However, it remains unclear why, as limited evidence exists regarding the mechanisms underlying these associations. Our study investigated whether having one or more smoking friends mediated the association between e-cigarette use and cigarette smoking onset among a longitudinal sample of Canadian youth who were never smokers at baseline.
methodsA longitudinal sample of youth that participated in three waves of the COMPASS study (2015-2016 to 2017-2018) was identified (N = 5,535). The product of coefficients method was used to assess whether having one or more smoking friends mediated the association between: (1) past 30-day e-cigarette use and cigarette smoking onset and (2) past 30-day e-cigarette use and subsequent dual use of e-cigarettes and cigarettes.
resultsHaving one or more smoking friends did not mediate the association between (1) past 30-day e-cigarette use and cigarette smoking onset (β = 0.38, 95% CI - 0.12, 0.89) or (2) past 30-day e-cigarette use and subsequent dual use (β = 0.46, 95% CI - 0.16, 1.07). Post hoc tests indicated that smoking friends significantly predicted past 30-day e-cigarette use and cigarette smoking at wave 3 (aOR 1.68 and 2.29, respectively).
conclusionHaving smoking friends did not explain the association between e-cigarette use and smoking uptake despite being a common risk factor for both e-cigarette use and cigarette smoking. Prevention efforts should consider how best to incorporate effective programming to address these social influences.
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