ArticleAutism research : official journal of the International Society for Autism Research2020
The Familial Risk of Autism Spectrum Disorder with and without Intellectual Disability.
Article in Autism research : official journal of the International Society for Autism Research, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 39 papers.
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Who cites it
39 citing papers in PubMed.
- Autism: epidemiology, genetics, molecular mechanisms, clinical features, diagnosis, and management.Molecular biomedicine · 2026Review
- Phenotypic Complexity and Diagnostic Utility of Exome Sequencing in ASD: Real-World Insights from Colombia.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Assessing Swedish genetic counselling outcome measures for autism and general use: Rasch findings highlight the need for improved measures.BMC psychology · 2026Article
- Risk Factors for Autism Spectrum Disorder in the Middle East and North Africa Region: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Confounder-Adjusted Studies.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2026Article
- Rationale and Methods for the Prospective Genetic Risk Evaluation and Assessment (PROGRESS) in Autism Center at Columbia University.Pediatric research · 2026Article
- Functional Genomics Studies of Psychiatric Disorders in Individuals of Latin American Populations: A Scoping Review.American journal of medical genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric genetics : the official publication of the International Society of Psychiatric Genetics · 2026Article
- Eating Behaviors and Energy and Nutrient Intakes in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder with and Without Sensory Integration Difficulties.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Challenges of Alternative Teaching-Learning Faced by Indian Parents of People with Autism Spectrum Disorder During Pandemic Emergency.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2026Article
- Article
- Therapeutic Effects of Electroencephalogram-Based Bioelectric Stimulation on Cognitive-Behavioural Outcomes in Children With Dual Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder and Intellectual Disability.Actas espanolas de psiquiatria · 2025Article
- Cerebrotendinous Xanthomatosis Disease Prevalence in Patients with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Prospective Observational Study.Molecular syndromology · 2025Article
- Developmental and Functional Outcomes Amongst Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Autistic Children.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2025Article
- Reliability, Validity and Acceptability of the PEDI-CAT with ASD Scales for Australian Children and Youth on the Autism Spectrum.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2025Article
- Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Connective Tissue-Related Symptoms: An Exploratory Case-Control Study in Children.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Progress towards understanding risk factor mechanisms in the development of autism spectrum disorders.Biochemical Society transactions · 2024Review
- Characterizing genetic pathways unique to autism spectrum disorder at multiple levels of biological analysis.Molecular autism · 2024Article
- Barriers, motivators and strategies to increase participation in genetic research among Asian and Black families of autistic individuals.Journal of community genetics · 2024Article
- Within- and between-twin comparisons of risk for childhood behavioral difficulties after preterm birth.Pediatric research · 2024Article
- Characterizing Genetic Pathways Unique to Autism Spectrum Disorder at Multiple Levels of Biological Analysis.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2024Article
- Hospitalization and Mortality for Insured Patients in the United States with COVID-19 with and without Autism Spectrum Disorder.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2024Article
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11 authors.
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Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is highly heritable, yet how its familial risk and heritability may vary by cognitive ability is not well understood. In this population-based cohort study, we examined the familial risk and heritability of ASD with and without co-occurring intellectual disability (ID). We estimated odds ratios and heritability of ASD with ID (ASD+ID) and ASD without ID (ASD-ID) using register-based diagnosis data of 567,436 index persons born in 1984-2009 in Stockholm County, Sweden, and their parents, siblings, cousins, aunts, and uncles. The familial risk profile exhibited differences between ASD-ID and ASD+ID, most notably for index persons with affected parents. For example, for an index person who had at least one parent with ASD, the child's odds of ASD-ID and ASD+ID (95% confidence interval (CI)) increased by 16.2 (14.2-18.6) and 7.4 (5.5-10.0) folds, respectively. The more closely related a family member with ASD was, the greater the observed risk was of ASD in the index person, especially for ASD-ID. The broad-sense heritability (95% CI) for ASD - ID and ASD+ID were 64.6% (46.0-100.0%) and 33.4% (14.4-58.4%), respectively. Familial risk and heritability of ASD may vary by intellectual ability, which implies that risk factors between these ASD phenotypes may differ. Our findings from the heritability analysis and familial risk analysis suggest that ASD-ID may have a greater genetic basis than ASD+ID, although this should be verified in future studies. LAY SUMMARY: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is highly heritable, yet how its familial risk and heritability may vary by cognitive ability is not well-understood. In a population-based cohort study on families of 567,436 index persons using Swedish registers data, we found that the familial risk profile differed between ASD with and without intellectual disability. Our findings from the heritability analysis and familial risk analysis suggest that ASD-ID may have a greater genetic basis than ASD+ID, although this should be verified in future studies.
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