Evidence map›Paper›PMID 33098964›Full record

ArticleBrain, behavior, and immunity2021

Gut microbiome in Schizophrenia: Altered functional pathways related to immune modulation and atherosclerotic risk.

Tanya T Nguyen, Tomasz Kosciolek, Rebecca E Daly, Yoshiki Vázquez-Baeza, Austin Swafford, Rob Knight, Dilip V Jeste

Open access · greenAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Brain, behavior, and immunity, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 44 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
44citing papers in PubMed, 4 pooled it
3.6field-weighted citation impact, top 6% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

44 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 77 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Berberine and health outcomes: an overview of systematic reviews.BMC complementary medicine and therapies · 2025
    Pooled it
  3. Pooled it
  4. Pooled it
  5. Trial
  6. Review
  7. Review
  8. Causal links among gut microbiota, immune-inflammatory and compensatory immune-regulatory systems, and schizophrenia.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2026
    Article
  9. Review
  10. Article
  11. Article
  12. Review
  13. Article
  14. Review
  15. Article
  16. Microbiome: A Key Regulator of Body-Brain Interactions.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2025
    Review
  17. Article
  18. Article
  19. Article
  20. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.

Tanya T NguyenDepartment of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States; Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States. Electronic address: ttn050@health.ucsd.edu.
Tomasz KosciolekDepartment of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States; Małopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland.
Rebecca E DalySam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States.
Yoshiki Vázquez-BaezaCenter for Microbiome Innovation, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States.
Austin SwaffordCenter for Microbiome Innovation, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States.
Rob KnightDepartment of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States; Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States; Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States; Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States.
Dilip V JesteDepartment of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States; Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States; Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States.
University of California, San Diego · USInstitute on Aging · US

Funding

FELLOWSHIP IN GERIATRIC MENTAL HEALTHT32MH019934 · NIMH · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO · PI Elizabeth W Twamley · 1994 to 2026
$9.5M
Accelerated Inflammaging in SchizophreniaR01MH094151 · NIMH · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO · PI EYLER, LISA T · 2012 to 2021
$7.4M
Characterizing the gut microbiome in schizophrenia: Relationship to age, cognition, & disease-related factorsK23MH118435 · NIMH · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO · PI NGUYEN, TANYA T · 2019 to 2020
$375k
NIMH NIH HHS K23 MH118435NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH094151NIMH NIH HHS T32 MH019934
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Emerging evidence has linked the gut microbiome changes to schizophrenia. However, there has been limited research into the functional pathways by which the gut microbiota contributes to the phenotype of persons with chronic schizophrenia. We characterized the composition and functional potential of the gut microbiota in 48 individuals with chronic schizophrenia and 48 matched (sequencing plate, age, sex, BMI, and antibiotic use) non-psychiatric comparison subjects (NCs) using 16S rRNA sequencing. Patients with schizophrenia demonstrated significant beta-diversity differences in microbial composition and predicted genetic functional potential compared to NCs. Alpha-diversity of taxa and functional pathways were not different between groups. Random forests analyses revealed that the microbiome predicts differentiation of patients with schizophrenia from NCs using taxa (75% accuracy) and functional profiles (67% accuracy for KEGG orthologs, 70% for MetaCyc pathways). We utilized a new compositionally-aware method incorporating reference frames to identify differentially abundant microbes and pathways, which revealed that Lachnospiraceae is associated with schizophrenia. Functional pathways related to trimethylamine-N-oxide reductase and Kdo

Indexed as

Gastrointestinal MicrobiomeMicrobiotaSchizophreniaEubacterialesHumansRNA, Ribosomal, 16SRNA, Ribosomal, 16SAccelerated agingBacteriaFunctional pathwaysGut-brain axisInflammationMicrobesPsychosisSerious mental illness

Identifiers

PMID33098964
PMCPMC8023565
OpenAlexW3094487801

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceTDM
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.