Evidence map›Paper›PMID 33098300›Full record

ArticleSchizophrenia bulletin2021

Cognitive Subtyping in Schizophrenia: A Latent Profile Analysis.

Keane Lim, Jason Smucny, Deanna M Barch, Max Lam, Richard S E Keefe, Jimmy Lee

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Schizophrenia bulletin, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 33 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
33citing papers in PubMed, 2 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

33 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Pooled it
  3. Article
  4. Article
  5. Article
  6. Article
  7. Article
  8. Article
  9. Review
  10. Article
  11. Cognitive subtypes in youth at clinical high risk for psychosis.Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences · 2025
    Article
  12. Article
  13. Article
  14. Article
  15. Review
  16. Article
  17. Article
  18. Article
  19. Review
  20. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Keane LimResearch Division, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore.
Jason SmucnyDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA.
Deanna M BarchDepartment of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Psychiatry, and Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO.
Max LamResearch Division, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore.
Richard S E KeefeDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC.
Jimmy LeeResearch Division, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore.

Funding

The effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on the neuronal mechanisms of cognitive control in schizophreniaF32MH114325 · NIMH · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT DAVIS · PI SMUCNY, JASON · 2017 to 2019
$176k
NIMH NIH HHS F32 MH114325
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Cognitive dysfunction is a core feature of schizophrenia. The subtyping of cognitive performance in schizophrenia may aid the refinement of disease heterogeneity. The literature on cognitive subtyping in schizophrenia, however, is limited by variable methodologies and neuropsychological tasks, lack of validation, and paucity of studies examining longitudinal stability of profiles. It is also unclear if cognitive profiles represent a single linear severity continuum or unique cognitive subtypes. Cognitive performance measured with the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia was analyzed in schizophrenia patients (n = 767). Healthy controls (n = 1012) were included as reference group. Latent profile analysis was performed in a schizophrenia discovery cohort (n = 659) and replicated in an independent cohort (n = 108). Longitudinal stability of cognitive profiles was evaluated with latent transition analysis in a 10-week follow-up cohort. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was carried out to investigate if cognitive profiles represent a unidimensional structure. A 4-profile solution was obtained from the discovery cohort and replicated in an independent cohort. It comprised of a "less-impaired" cognitive subtype, 2 subtypes with "intermediate cognitive impairment" differentiated by executive function performance, and a "globally impaired" cognitive subtype. This solution showed relative stability across time. CFA revealed that cognitive profiles are better explained by distinct meaningful profiles than a severity linear continuum. Associations between profiles and negative symptoms were observed. The subtyping of schizophrenia patients based on cognitive performance and its associations with symptomatology may aid phenotype refinement, mapping of specific biological mechanisms, and tailored clinical treatments.

Indexed as

Cognitive DysfunctionExecutive FunctionSchizophreniaAdultFactor Analysis, StatisticalFemaleHumansLongitudinal StudiesMaleMiddle AgedNeuropsychological TestsSeverity of Illness Indexcognitioncognitive subtypesheterogeneityschizophrenia

Identifiers

PMID33098300
PMCPMC8084446

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.