ArticleDiabetes care2021
Type 2 Diabetes and COVID-19-Related Mortality in the Critical Care Setting: A National Cohort Study in England, March-July 2020.
Article in Diabetes care, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 102 papers, 11 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
102 citing papers in PubMed, 11 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 185 citations in OpenAlex.
- Diabetes Mellitus, a Leading Comorbidity in COVID-19: an Insight on Pathophysiology, Molecular Interactions, and Comprehensive Management.Current microbiology · 2025Pooled it
- Association Between Diabetes and Mortality Among Adult Patients Hospitalized With COVID-19: A Cohort Study of Hospitalized Adults in Ontario, Canada, and Copenhagen, Denmark.Canadian journal of diabetes · 2023Pooled it
- Global prevalence and effect of comorbidities and smoking status on severity and mortality of COVID-19 in association with age and gender: a systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression.Scientific reports · 2023Pooled it
- The effects of consuming a Mediterranean style diet on associated COVID-19 severity biomarkers in obese/overweight adults: A systematic review.Nutrition and health · 2022Pooled it
- Mendelian Randomization Analysis Reveals No Causal Relationship Between Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Severe COVID-19.Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology : the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association · 2022Pooled it
- Impaired glucose regulation, SARS-CoV-2 infections and adverse COVID-19 outcomes.Translational research : the journal of laboratory and clinical medicine · 2022Pooled it
- Asthma and COVID-19 risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis.The European respiratory journal · 2022Pooled it
- Mortality associated with COVID-19 and hypertension in sub-Saharan Africa. A systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.) · 2022Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Is Cancer an Independent Risk Factor for Fatal Outcomes of Coronavirus Disease 2019 Patients?Archives of medical research · 2021Pooled it
- Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and COVID-19: A Narrative Review.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2021Pooled it
- Hyperglycemia in the diabetic range, but not previous diagnosis of diabetes mellitus, is an independent indicator of poor outcome in patients hospitalized for severe COVID-19.Acta diabetologica · 2025Observational
- Article
- 2025 Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics: A Report of US and Global Data From the American Heart Association.Circulation · 2025Review
- Article
- Diabetes exacerbates SARS-CoV-2 replication through ineffective pulmonary interferon responses, delayed cell-mediated immunity, and disruption of leptin signaling.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Article
- Hyperglycemia induced cathepsin L maturation linked to diabetic comorbidities and COVID-19 mortality.eLife · 2024Article
- Association between COVID-19 severity with liver abnormalities: A retrospective study in a referral hospital in Indonesia.Narra J · 2024Article
- Clinical outcomes in patients with diabetes and stress hyperglycemia that developed SARS-CoV-2 infectionBiomedica : revista del Instituto Nacional de Salud · 2024Article
- 2024 Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics: A Report of US and Global Data From the American Heart Association.Circulation · 2024Review
42 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo describe the relationship between type 2 diabetes and all-cause mortality among adults with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the critical care setting. RESEARCH DESIGN AND
methodsThis was a nationwide retrospective cohort study in people admitted to hospital in England with COVID-19 requiring admission to a high dependency unit (HDU) or intensive care unit (ICU) between 1 March 2020 and 27 July 2020. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate 30-day in-hospital all-cause mortality associated with type 2 diabetes, with adjustment for age, sex, ethnicity, obesity, and other major comorbidities (chronic respiratory disease, asthma, chronic heart disease, hypertension, immunosuppression, chronic neurological disease, chronic renal disease, and chronic liver disease).
resultsA total of 19,256 COVID-19-related HDU and ICU admissions were included in the primary analysis, including 13,809 HDU (mean age 70 years) and 5,447 ICU (mean age 58 years) admissions. Of those admitted, 3,524 (18.3%) had type 2 diabetes and 5,077 (26.4%) died during the study period. Patients with type 2 diabetes were at increased risk of death (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 1.23 [95% CI 1.14, 1.32]), and this result was consistent in HDU and ICU subsets. The relative mortality risk associated with type 2 diabetes decreased with higher age (age 18-49 years aHR 1.50 [95% CI 1.05, 2.15], age 50-64 years 1.29 [1.10, 1.51], and age ≥65 years 1.18 [1.09, 1.29];
conclusionsType 2 diabetes may be an independent prognostic factor for survival in people with severe COVID-19 requiring critical care treatment, and in this setting the risk increase associated with type 2 diabetes is greatest in younger people.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.