ArticleAmerican journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology2021
Electronic-Cigarette Use Alters Nasal Mucosal Immune Response to Live-attenuated Influenza Virus. A Clinical Trial.
Article in American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 59 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
59 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 73 citations in OpenAlex.
- Chronic health effects associated with electronic cigarette use: A systematic review.Frontiers in public health · 2022Pooled it
- Electronic cigarette aerosols disrupt airway barrier function via MMP-dependent E-cadherin cleavage: findings from cell culture and murine models.Archives of toxicology · 2026Article
- Associations between dual use of combustible cigarettes and electronic nicotine delivery systems and allergic rhinitis: An analysis of KNHANES data.The World Allergy Organization journal · 2026Article
- E-cigarette vaping is associated with pro-fibrotic gene expression in kidney and liver tissues.Journal of molecular medicine (Berlin, Germany) · 2026Article
- Impact of preoperative smoking on outcomes of endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery for pituitary tumor.Endocrine · 2026Article
- Noninvasive repeated sampling technique reveals specific respiratory cytokine signatures for people who use electronic-cigarette and dual-products obtained from a remote cohort of young adults.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2026Article
- The triple-hit hypothesis: exploring pulmonary e-cigarette, PMEuropean respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society · 2026Review
- Impact of e-cigarette vaping on the immune system across the body.Physiological reviews · 2026Review
- Ferroptosis in e-cigarette aerosol-associated respiratory injury.Archives of toxicology · 2026Review
- Rental housing may contribute to racial and ethnic disparities in upper respiratory infections.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- The adult nasal mucosa is defined by distinct immune profiles that modulate in-vitro SARS-CoV-2 infection.Respiratory research · 2026Article
- Article
- The adult nasal mucosa is defined by distinct immune profiles that modulate in-vitro SARS-CoV-2 infection.Research square · 2026Article
- Regulation of immune checkpoints by electronic cigarette.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Review
- Multisystem Toxicity of E-Cigarettes in Preclinical and Clinical Studies: Pathophysiologic Effects of E-Cigarette Aerosol Exposures from Head to Toe.Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology · 2026Review
- Epidemiology of invasive meningococcal disease in the United States: review of recent data and identified risk factors.Frontiers in public health · 2026Review
- Influenza-like illness in cigarette smokers and electronic-cigarette users: a secondary analysis from the PAIVED study.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Single-cell transcriptomics identifies altered neutrophil dynamics and accentuated T-cell cytotoxicity in tobacco flavored e-cigarette exposed mouse lungs.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Neighborhood disadvantage and the back-to-school epidemic of viral-associated asthma exacerbations.The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology · 2025Article
- Seasonal PMParticle and fibre toxicology · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Inhalation of tobacco smoke has been linked to increased risk of viral infection, such as influenza. Inhalation of electronic-cigarette (e-cigarette) aerosol has also recently been linked to immune suppression within the respiratory tract, specifically the nasal mucosa. We propose that changes in the nasal mucosal immune response modify antiviral host-defense responses in e-cigarette users. Nonsmokers, cigarette smokers, and e-cigarette users were inoculated with live-attenuated influenza virus (LAIV) to safely examine the innate immune response to influenza infection. Before and after LAIV inoculation, we collected nasal epithelial-lining fluid, nasal lavage fluid, nasal-scrape biopsy specimens, urine, and blood. Endpoints examined include cytokines and chemokines, influenza-specific IgA, immune-gene expression, and markers of viral load. Statistical analysis included primary comparisons of cigarette and e-cigarette groups with nonsmokers, as well as secondary analysis of demographic factors as potential modifiers. Markers of viral load did not differ among the three groups. Nasal-lavage-fluid anti-LAIV IgA levels increased in nonsmokers after LAIV inoculation but did not increase in e-cigarette users and cigarette smokers. LAIV-induced gene-expression changes in nasal biopsy specimens differed in cigarette smokers and e-cigarette users as compared with nonsmokers, with a greater number of genes changed in e-cigarette users, mostly resulting in decreased expression. The top downregulated genes in cigarette smokers were
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.