ArticleClinical drug investigation2020
Pembrolizumab vs the EXTREME Regimen in Recurrent or Metastatic Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis.
Article in Clinical drug investigation, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 17 citations in OpenAlex.
- Cost-effectiveness of sacituzumab tirumotecan in previously treated metastatic triple-negative breast cancer in China.PloS one · 2026Article
- Cost-effectiveness analysis of the combination of low-dose nivolumab with triple metronomic chemotherapy for advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma in China.Frontiers in oncology · 2025Article
- Article
- Cost-effectiveness analysis of first-line treatments for recurrent or metastatic head and neck cancer in China: an economic evaluation based on network meta-analysis.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Article
- Multicenter validation of an RNA-based assay to predict anti-PD-1 disease control in patients with recurrent or metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: the PREDAPT study.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2024Observational
- Cost-effectiveness analysis of fruquintinib in Chinese patients with refractory metastatic colorectal cancer.International journal of clinical pharmacy · 2024Article
- Nivolumab plus ipilimumab versus the EXTREME regimen in recurrent/metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: a cost-effectiveness analysis.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Atezolizumab plus platinum-based chemotherapy as first-line therapy for metastatic urothelial cancer: A cost-effectiveness analysis.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2022Article
- Chemo-Immunotherapy Regimes for Recurrent or Metastatic Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: A Network Meta-Analysis and Cost-Effectiveness Analysis.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2022Article
- Cost-Effectiveness of Pembrolizumab Regimens for the First-Line Treatment of Recurrent or Metastatic Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Argentina.Advances in therapy · 2021Article
- Atezolizumab Plus Chemotherapy vs. Chemotherapy in Advanced or Metastatic Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2021Article
- The Optimal Second-Line Systemic Treatment Model for Recurrent and/or Metastatic Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Bayesian Network Meta-Analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND
objectiveThe KEYNOTE-048 clinical trial revealed that pembrolizumab improved the overall survival time of patients with recurrent or metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (R/M HNSCC) vs cetuximab plus chemotherapy (EXTREME regimen). The current study examined the cost effectiveness of pembrolizumab monotherapy and pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy compared with the EXTREME regimen in patients with HNSCC from the perspectives of USA and China.
methodsA partitioned survival model was implemented for patients with R/M HNSCC, and the cost effectiveness of pembrolizumab monotherapy and pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy compared with the EXTREME regimen was compared. Survival information was derived from the KEYNOTE-048 trial. The model was designed as a 20-year time horizon, a 3-week cycle, and a 3% discount rate for costs and utilities. An incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) value less than $100,000/quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) was considered cost effective in the USA and $27,538/QALY in China. We analyzed the uncertainty by performing one-way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses.
resultsFrom the base-case analysis, we found that the pembrolizumab monotherapy scheme had a lower cost and better efficacy compared with the EXTREME regimen in the USA. In China, the ICER of the comparison was $62,401/QALY. The ICER of pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy vs the EXTREME regimen was $66,630/QALY in the USA and $90,538/QALY in China.
conclusionsThe observations suggested that treatment with pembrolizumab monotherapy or pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy is a cost-effective strategy for patients with R/M HNSCC in the USA. However, the conclusion is the opposite for China: the EXTREME regimen is still a cost-effective choice.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.