ReviewAnnals of medicine2021
Hydroxychloroquine: a comprehensive review and its controversial role in coronavirus disease 2019.
Review in Annals of medicine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 63 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
63 citing papers in PubMed.
- Cardiac findings in a phase II double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial of combination therapy (HAZDPac) to treat COVID-19 patients.BMC cardiovascular disorders · 2024Trial
- Clinical and experimental insights into hydroxychloroquine-associated electrical abnormalities and cardiomyopathy.European heart journal. Cardiovascular pharmacotherapy · 2026Article
- Fibroblast-like Synoviocytes as Therapeutic Targets in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Current Evidence on DMARD-Mediated Modulation.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- The DHCQ/HCQ metabolic ratio and CYP2C8 Genotype are associated with lipid profile improvement in systemic lupus erythematosus patients treated with hydroxychloroquine.Arthritis research & therapy · 2026Article
- Post-COVID-19 Jaw Osteonecrosis: A Narrative Review.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Review
- Article
- Lymphocyte signal transduction defects in cutaneous sarcoidosis and implications for treatment.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Mitigating Hydroxychloroquine-Induced Oxidative Liver Damage: The Roles of Adenosine Triphosphate, Liv-52, and Their Combination in Rats.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- The effect of Hippophae rhamnoides on Hydroxychloroquine-Induced stomatitis in rats.BMC complementary medicine and therapies · 2025Article
- Synthesis, characterization, and comparative evaluation of hydroxychloroquine and its niosomal nanoformulation: anti-leishmanial, cytotoxicity, and immunomodulatory effects in photodynamic therapy.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Protective effect of adenosine triphosphate against hydroxychloroquine ototoxicity in rats.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Asparaginase and Autophagy Inhibitors Effectively Remove Senescent Cells by Synergistically Limiting Asparagine Supply.Aging cell · 2025Article
- Review
- COVID-19 and a Tale of Three Drugs: To Repurpose, or Not to Repurpose-That Was the Question.Viruses · 2025Review
- Safety of Hydroxychloroquine: What a Dermatologist Should Know.American journal of clinical dermatology · 2025Review
- Phase I trial of hydroxychloroquine to enhance palbociclib and letrozole efficacy in ER+/HER2- breast cancer.NPJ breast cancer · 2025Article
- Cell-free mitochondrial DNA as a pro-inflammatory agent in blood circulation: mechanisms, therapeutic implications, and clinical challenges in immune dysregulation.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- The Severity of COVID-19 in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patient.Infectious disorders drug targets · 2025Review
- A Rare Paradoxical Reaction in Cutaneous Tuberculosis: Insight from a Case of Lupus Vulgaris.Clinical, cosmetic and investigational dermatology · 2025Article
- Effects of surfactin stress on gene expression and pathological changes in Spodoptera litura.Scientific reports · 2024Article
3 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
14 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Hydroxychloroquine, initially used as an antimalarial, is used as an immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory agent for the management of autoimmune and rheumatic diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus. Lately, there has been interest in its potential efficacy against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, with several speculated mechanisms. The purpose of this review is to elaborate on the mechanisms surrounding hydroxychloroquine. The review is an in-depth analysis of the antimalarial, immunomodulatory, and antiviral mechanisms of hydroxychloroquine, with detailed and novel pictorial explanations. The mechanisms of hydroxychloroquine are related to potential cardiotoxic manifestations and demonstrate potential adverse effects when used for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Finally, current literature associated with hydroxychloroquine and COVID-19 has been analyzed to interrelate the mechanisms, adverse effects, and use of hydroxychloroquine in the current pandemic. Currently, there is insufficient evidence about the efficacy and safety of hydroxychloroquine in COVID-19. KEY MESSAGES HCQ, initially an antimalarial agent, is used as an immunomodulatory agent for managing several autoimmune diseases, for which its efficacy is linked to inhibiting lysosomal antigen processing, MHC-II antigen presentation, and TLR functions. HCQ is generally well-tolerated although severe life-threatening adverse effects including cardiomyopathy and conduction defects have been reported. HCQ use in COVID-19 should be discouraged outside clinical trials under strict medical supervision.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.