SynthesisClinical psychology review2020
Specificity of trait anxiety in anxiety and depression: Meta-analysis of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory.
Synthesis in Clinical psychology review, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 5 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 177 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) of Two Programs Supporting Early Infant Development Beginning in the Well Baby Nursery Through 4 Months of Age
Exploring the Efficacy of Alternative Treatments for Depression and Anxiety Among College Students: A Randomized Control Trial
Mindfulness-Based Interventions Targeting First-Generation College Student Retention in Rural Environments
Transcranial Static Field Stimulation (tSMS) and Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) for the Treatment of Neurological Symptoms
Effects of Mobile-based Mindfulness Intervention to Reduce Preoperative Anxiety for Patients Undergoing Elective Surgery: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial
Who cites it
177 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Brain Aging in Specific Phobia: An ENIGMA-Anxiety Mega-Analysis.Human brain mapping · 2026Pooled it
- The efficacy of music therapy in alleviating anxiety among college students: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in psychology · 2025Pooled it
- Prevalence of anxiety symptoms in infertile men: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC public health · 2024Pooled it
- Prevalence of Depression and Anxiety Disorders in Patients with Glaucoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Based on Cross-Sectional Surveys.Actas espanolas de psiquiatria · 2024Pooled it
- Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire: a systematic review.Frontiers in psychology · 2024Pooled it
- Effectiveness of Virtual Reality Intervention on Anxiety and Vital Signs of Patients Before Colonoscopy: A Randomised Controlled Study.Nursing open · 2026Trial
- The Effect of Animated Educational Video to Reduce Anxiety Levels Before Outpatient Medical Abortion: A Randomised Controlled Trial.BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology · 2025Trial
- Checklist-Guided Code Status Discussions in Patients for Whom Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Is Considered Futile: An Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial.JAMA network open · 2025Trial
- A randomized study of 2 risk assessment models for individualized breast cancer risk estimation.Journal of the National Cancer Institute · 2025Trial
- The clinical effectiveness of the Mind/Body Program for Infertility on wellbeing and assisted reproduction outcomes: a randomized controlled trial in search for active ingredients.Human reproduction (Oxford, England) · 2024Trial
- The effects of hydrocortisone and yohimbine on human behavior in approach-avoidance conflicts.Psychopharmacology · 2023Trial
- Music therapy for pain and anxiety in patients after cardiac valve replacement: a randomized controlled clinical trial.BMC cardiovascular disorders · 2023Trial
- Lobular and Voxel-Wise Genetic Influences on Cerebellar Gray Matter Volume and Associations With Social and Trait Anxiety in Twins.Human brain mapping · 2026Article
- Article
- Comment on: 'Psychological assessment before blepharoplasty: An often overlooked aspect'.Eye (London, England) · 2026Article
- Negative affect interacts with perceptual affective biases.Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) · 2026Article
- Article
- Perturbed Inflammatory, Proliferation, Regulatory, And Neurodegeneration Signaling Pathways Are Associated With Trait Anxiety In Cancer Survivors.Research square · 2026Article
- Is simulation always a safe learning environment? Anxiety and social anxiety symptoms in first-year medical students during simulated patient encounters.BMC medical education · 2026Article
- At the Intersection of Psychiatry and Cardiology: Assessment of Depressive, Anxiety and Cognitive Disorders in Patients Before and After the Implantation of Cardiac Implantable Electronic Devices.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Review
117 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory - Trait version (STAI-T) was developed to measure an individual's tendency to experience anxiety, but it may lack discriminant evidence of validity based on strong observed relationships with measures of depression. The present series of meta-analyses compares STAI-T scores among individuals with depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, and nonclinical comparison groups, as well as correlations with measures of anxiety and depressive symptom severity, in order to further examine discriminant and convergent validity. A total of 388 published studies (N = 31,021) were included in the analyses. Individuals with an anxiety disorder and those with a depressive disorder displayed significantly elevated scores on the STAI-T compared to nonclinical comparison groups. Furthermore, anxiety and depressive symptom severity were similarly strongly correlated with the STAI-T (mean r = .59 - .61). However, individuals with a depressive disorder had significantly higher STAI-T scores than individuals with an anxiety disorder (Hedges's g = 0.27). Given these findings, along with previous factor analyses that have observed a depression factor on the STAI-T, describing the scale as a measure of 'trait anxiety' may be a misnomer. It is proposed that the STAI-T be considered a non-specific measure of negative affectivity rather than trait anxiety per se.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.