ArticleJournal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry2021
Trends in Antipsychotic Medication Use in Young Privately Insured Children.
Article in Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 58 citations in OpenAlex.
- The incidence risk of gynecological cancer by antipsychotic use: a meta-analysis of 50,402 patients.BMC cancer · 2024Pooled it
- Impact of study design decisions on identification of treatment initiators of medications for opioid use disorder.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2026Article
- Neurological Adverse Effects of Antipsychotic Medication in Children and Young People.Paediatric drugs · 2026Review
- Trends in Atypical Antipsychotic Use Among Children and Adolescents With Depressive Disorders in Korea.Journal of Korean medical science · 2026Article
- Antipsychotic Treatment and Longitudinal Body Mass Index Trajectories in Youth with and Without Autism Spectrum Disorder.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Pharmacoepidemiology of antipsychotic utilization among children and adolescents in Montevideo between 2018 and 2022.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
- Medication-Related Impacts on Pediatric Bone Health.Journal of the Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America · 2025Review
- Age- and Sex-Related Trends in Psychotropic Prescribing Among Youths in Denmark and the United States: 2010-2020.Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety · 2025Article
- Diagnostic Patterns and Racial/Ethnic Differences in Antipsychotic Prescribing Among Privately Insured Youth.Translational issues in psychological science · 2025Article
- Association between a publicly funded universal drug program and antipsychotic and antidepressant medication dispensing to children.BMC pediatrics · 2025Article
- How Early-Life Antipsychotic Drug Administration Modifies Behavioral and Brain Function in Adulthood.Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · 2025Review
- The Association Between Antipsychotics and Bone Fragility: An Updated Comprehensive Review.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Early-life risperidone alters locomotor responses to apomorphine and quinpirole in adulthood.Behavioural brain research · 2024Article
- Evaluation of the Safer Use of Antipsychotics in Youth Study on Population Level Antipsychotic Initiation: An Interrupted Time Series Analysis.Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology · 2024Article
- On- and Off-Label Atypical Antipsychotic Prescription Trends Across a Nine-Year Period Among Adolescents Pre- to Post-COVID-19.Academic pediatrics · 2024Article
- Review
- Prevalence and trend of central nervous system-active medication polypharmacy among US commercially insured adults with vs without early-onset dementia: a multi-year cross-sectional study.Alzheimer's research & therapy · 2024Article
- Cost of Implementing an Evidence-Based Intervention to Support Safer Use of Antipsychotics in Youth.Administration and policy in mental health · 2023Article
- Five-year trend of antipsychotic prescription practices in a district Hospital in Ghana: A retrospective study.Neuropsychopharmacology reports · 2023Article
- Antipsychotic Medication Use In Medicaid-Insured Children Decreased Substantially Between 2008 And 2016.Health affairs (Project Hope) · 2023Article
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo estimate trends of annual antipsychotic medication use by privately insured young children (aged 2-7 years) in the United States, and to describe the clinical and treatment characteristics of these children.
methodThe study population included young children from a nationwide commercial claims database (2007-2017). We estimated annual antipsychotic use by age and sex, defined as the number of children dispensed an antipsychotic per year divided by the number enrolled. We described clinical diagnoses and mental health service use in those with prescription antipsychotic use in 2009 and 2017.
resultsAnnual antipsychotic use in young children was 0.27% in 2007, peaked at 0.29% in 2009, and statistically significantly declined to 0.17% by 2017 (linear trend: -0.017% per year, 95% CI: -0.018 to -0.016). Antipsychotic use was higher in boys than in girls. A greater proportion of antipsychotic users received a mental disorder diagnosis in 2017 (89%) than in 2009 (86%, p < .01). The most common clinical diagnoses in antipsychotic users, under a hierarchical classification, were pervasive developmental disorder (2009 = 27%, 2017 = 38%, p < .01), conduct or disruptive behavior disorder (2009 = 15%, 2017 = 21%, p < .01), and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (2009 = 24%, 2017 = 18%, p < .01). Among 2017 antipsychotic users, 32% had 4+ psychotherapy claims, 43% had a psychiatrist visit, and the majority used another psychotropic medication, most commonly a stimulant (boys = 57%, girls = 50%).
conclusionIn privately insured young children, antipsychotic use declined from 2009 to 2017, with shifts toward indications with some supporting evidence. Nevertheless, a majority of use remains off label and for conditions lacking effectiveness and safety data. Improving antipsychotic prescribing in young children remains a challenge.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.