Trial reportClinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology2021
INEXAS: A Phase 2 Randomized Trial of On-demand Inhaled Interferon Beta-1a in Severe Asthmatics.
Trial report in Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 30 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Efficacy of Daily Salmon Oil for Adult Type 2 Asthma: An Exploratory Randomized Double-Blind Trial.Marine drugs · 2025Trial
- Nebulised interferon beta-1a (SNG001) in the treatment of viral exacerbations of COPD.Respiratory research · 2024Trial
- Beyond the Usual Suspects: Unmasking Low-T2 Asthma in Children.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Well-Controlled Mucosal Exudation of Undiluted Plasma Proteins Serves Innate and Adaptive Immunity.Scandinavian journal of immunology · 2025Review
- Asthma Phenotypes and Biomarkers.Respiratory care · 2025Review
- Dysfunctional neutrophil type 1 interferon responses in preschool children with recurrent wheezing and IL-4-mediated aeroallergen sensitization.The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. Global · 2024Article
- New targets for type 2-low asthma.The Korean journal of internal medicine · 2024Review
- Can Allergen Immunotherapy Improve Antiviral Immunity in Patients with Allergic Asthma?American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine · 2023Article
- Nebulised interferon-β1a (SNG001) in hospitalised COVID-19: SPRINTER phase III study.ERJ open research · 2023Article
- Deciphering Respiratory-Virus-Associated Interferon Signaling in COPD Airway Epithelium.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2022Review
- Airway Epithelial Innate Immunity.Frontiers in physiology · 2021Article
- Overexpression of the recombinant human interferon-beta (Biotechnologia · 2021Article
- Experimental Antiviral Therapeutic Studies for Human Rhinovirus Infections.Journal of experimental pharmacology · 2021Review
- Interrupting the Conversation: Implications for Crosstalk Between Viral and Bacterial Infections in the Asthmatic Airway.Frontiers in allergy · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
14 authors at 5 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundUpper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) are important triggers for asthma exacerbations. We hypothesized that inhalation of the anti-viral cytokine, interferon (IFN)-β, during URTI, could prevent these exacerbations.
objectiveTo evaluate the efficacy of on-demand inhaled IFN-β1a (AZD9412) to prevent severe asthma exacerbations following symptomatic URTI.
methodsThis was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in which patients with severe asthma (GINA 4-5; n = 121) reporting URTI symptoms were randomized to 14 days of once-daily nebulized AZD9412 or placebo. The primary endpoint was severe exacerbations during treatment. Secondary endpoints included 6-item asthma control questionnaire (ACQ-6) and lung function. Exploratory biomarkers included IFN-response markers in serum and sputum, blood leucocyte counts and serum inflammatory cytokines.
resultsFollowing a pre-planned interim analysis, the trial was terminated early due to an unexpectedly low exacerbation rate. Asthma worsenings were generally mild and tended to peak at randomization, possibly contributing to the lack of benefit of AZD9412 on other asthma endpoints. Numerically, AZD9412 did not reduce severe exacerbation rate, ACQ-6, asthma symptom scores or reliever medication use. AZD9412 improved lung function (morning peak expiratory flow; mPEF) by 19.7 L/min. Exploratory post hoc analyses indicated a greater mPEF improvement by AZD9412 in patients with high blood eosinophils (>0.3 × 10 CONCLUSIONS & CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Colds did not have the impact on asthma patients that was expected and, due to the low exacerbation rate, the trial was stopped early. On-demand AZD9412 treatment did not numerically reduce the number of exacerbations, but did attenuate URTI-induced worsening of mPEF. Severe asthma patients with high blood eosinophils or low serum interleukin-18 response are potential subgroups for further investigation of inhaled IFN-β1a.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.