Evidence map›Paper›PMID 33088170›Full record

ArticleMolecular vision2020

Genetic and environmental risk factors for extramacular drusen.

Lebriz Altay, Xavier Subiras, Laura Lorés de Motta, Tina Schick, Aileen Berghold, Carel B Hoyng, Anneke I den Hollander, Sascha Fauser, Srinivas R Sadda, Sandra Liakopoulos

Open access · greenAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC
In one paragraph

Article in Molecular vision, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact, top 84% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed, 3 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. High choroidal vascularity index zones favor the distribution of drusenoid pigment epithelial detachment in intermediate age-related macular degeneration.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2026
    Article
  2. Review
  3. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors at 5 institutions in 3 countries.

Lebriz AltayDepartment of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Germany.
Xavier SubirasDepartment of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Germany.
Laura Lorés de MottaDepartment of Ophthalmology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
Tina SchickDepartment of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Germany.
Aileen BergholdCologne Image Reading Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Germany.
Carel B HoyngDepartment of Ophthalmology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
Anneke I den HollanderDepartment of Ophthalmology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
Sascha FauserDepartment of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Germany.
Srinivas R SaddaDoheny Eye Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA.
Sandra LiakopoulosDepartment of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Germany.
University of Cologne · DERadboud University Nijmegen · NLDoheny Eye Institute · USRadboud University Medical Center · NLUniversity Hospital Cologne · DE

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

purposeTo analyze risk factors for extramacular drusen (EMD) in patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and healthy control individuals.

methodsThis case-control study included 1,520 patients from the prospective multicenter European Genetic Database (EUGENDA). Color fundus photographs and optical coherence tomography scans were evaluated for the presence of AMD and EMD. EMD was considered present if ten or fewer drusen including at least one intermediate-sized drusen were detected outside the macula. Association of EMD was evaluated with various genetic and non-genetic risk factors (31 single nucleotide polymorphisms, systemic complement activation, smoking, cardiovascular factors, and sunlight exposure) using logistic regression models adjusted for age, gender, and AMD.

resultsEMD was found in 608 subjects (40%) and AMD in 763 (50%) of 1,520 participants. EMD was strongly associated with AMD (p = 2.83 × 10-63, odds ratio [OR] 7.63). After adjustment for AMD, age (p = 0.06, OR 1.02), female gender (p = 3.34 × 10-24, OR 4.44), history of sunlight exposure ≥ 8 h /day (p = 0.0004, OR 1.99), serum complement activation (p = 0.004, OR 1.61), and polymorphisms in ARMS2 (p = 0.00016, OR 1.43) and CFI (p = 0.043, OR 1.20) were identified as risk factors for EMD. The final prediction model including these variants showed an area under the curve of 0.820.

conclusionsThe comprehensive analysis of various risk factors revealed a common genetic and pathological pathway of EMD with AMD. Future longitudinal studies are needed to evaluate the role of EMD in otherwise healthy subjects as an expanded phenotype of AMD.

Indexed as

AgedAged, 80 and overCase-Control StudiesComplement C3Complement C3dDatabases, GeneticFemaleHumansLogistic ModelsMacula LuteaMacular DegenerationMaleMiddle AgedPhenotypePolymorphism, Single NucleotideProspective StudiesComplement C3Complement C3d

Identifiers

PMID33088170
PMCPMC7553721
OpenAlexW3093630877

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.