SynthesisEuropean journal of clinical nutrition2021
The effect of tobacco smoking during pregnancy and breastfeeding on human milk composition-a systematic review.
Synthesis in European journal of clinical nutrition, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Chemical Components in the Breast Milk of Passive Smoker Women: A Systematic Review and Health Risks Assessment.Biological trace element research · 2025Pooled it
- Early-Life Exposures and Risk of Multiple Myeloma: A Population-Based Case-Control Study in Australia.International journal of cancer · 2026Article
- Breastfeeding practices and attitudes among women in West Sumatra, Indonesia.Nutrition and health · 2026Article
- Maternal obesity during lactation as a hypertensive cardiovascular risk factor in the offspring.Experimental physiology · 2026Review
- Article
- Smoking cessation success prediction of parents of children with acute respiratory system disease and influencing factors: a cross-sectional study.Family practice · 2026Article
- Effects of prenatal maternal smoking on placental IGF-1, leptin, and HPL expression and breastfeeding practices.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2026Article
- Socio-demographic determinants of breastfeeding initiation and duration in US children: an analysis of NHANES (1999-2018).International breastfeeding journal · 2025Article
- Association of Prolonged Breastfeeding With Early Childhood Caries Using Propensity Score Matching in the French Longitudinal Study of Children (ELFE Cohort).Community dentistry and oral epidemiology · 2025Article
- Patterns and influencing factors of smokeless tobacco use among pregnant and lactating mothers in urban slums of bhubaneswar, Odisha.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- The fifty billion dollar question: does formula cause necrotizing enterocolitis?Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2025Review
- Maternal and Infant Predictors of Human Milk Macronutrient and Energy Concentrations in Rural Bangladesh: An Observational Cohort Study.The Journal of nutrition · 2025Observational
- Prevalence and factors associated with tobacco use among pregnant and breastfeeding mothers in India: insights from the National Family Health Survey-5 (2019-21).Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Offspring's exposome: a narrative review on the influence of early-life factors on childhood obesity risk.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Review
- The Effect of Cannabis Consumption During Lactation on the Macronutrient Concentrations in Breast Milk.Breastfeeding medicine : the official journal of the Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine · 2025Article
- Tobacco Smoke Exposure and Lactation.Cureus · 2024Review
- The Influence of Maternal Lifestyle Factors on Human Breast Milk Microbial Composition: A Narrative Review.Biomedicines · 2024Review
- Maternal dietary protein and amino acid intake is not associated with the amino acid composition of human milk in an affluent environment.The British journal of nutrition · 2024Observational
- Association between maternal smoking and duration of breastfeeding in very low birth weight preterm infants after discharge from a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit.Tobacco prevention & cessation · 2024Article
- Perspective: Human Milk Composition and Related Data for National Health and Nutrition Monitoring and Related Research.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Tobacco smoking is still a widespread habit in pregnant and breastfeeding women. While the role of these risk factors on neonatal outcomes has been deeply studied, their effect on human milk composition is still not completely clear. This study aimed to report the most up to date evidence about the alteration of breast milk composition of smoking breastfeeding mothers compared to non-smoking ones. We performed a systematic review by searching PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases. Evaluated data were extracted and critically analyzed by two independent authors. PRISMA guidelines were applied, and the risk of bias was assessed (ROBINS), as was the methodological quality of the included studies (GRADE). After applying the inclusion criteria, we included 20 studies assessed as medium or high quality. In all the studies, we analyzed data regarding 1769 mothers (398 smokers and 971 nonsmokers). Smoking was associated with a lower content of lipids, calories, and proteins. Moreover, it was characterized by decreased antioxidant properties and an altered immune status. Smoking during pregnancy and breastfeeding is significantly associated with an alteration of milk metabolic properties. Further studies are needed to investigate how these changes can alter newborns' development and outcomes and which molecular patterns are involved.
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Registered trials
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