ArticleAmerican journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and liver physiology2021
Short-chain fatty acid butyrate, a breast milk metabolite, enhances immature intestinal barrier function genes in response to inflammation in vitro and in vivo.
Article in American journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and liver physiology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 77 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
77 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 102 citations in OpenAlex.
- In vitro and in vivo fermentation models to study the function of dietary fiber in pig nutrition.Applied microbiology and biotechnology · 2024Pooled it
- Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids improve intestinal barrier integrity-albeit to a lesser degree than short-chain fatty acids: an exploratory analysis of the randomized controlled LIBRE trial.European journal of nutrition · 2023Trial
- DHA Supplementation Attenuates Inflammation-Associated Gene Expression in the Mammary Gland of Lactating Mothers Who Deliver Preterm.The Journal of nutrition · 2022Trial
- Review
- Dynamic Succession of the Early-Life Gut Microbiota and the Regulatory Role of Human Milk Oligosaccharides.Nutrients · 2026Review
- Dietary theabrownins alleviate age-related declines in productive performance and egg quality by improving intestinal health in laying hens.Journal of animal science and biotechnology · 2026Article
- Resistant starch as a dietary strategy for metabolic and gut health: Implications for Asia-Pacific populations.Asia Pacific journal of clinical nutrition · 2026Review
- From homeostasis to dysregulation: human milk, microbial metabolites, and the preterm intestinal microenvironment in necrotizing enterocolitis.Translational pediatrics · 2026Review
- Prostate Cancer at the Microbial Crossroads: Illuminating a New Frontier in Precision Medicine.The world journal of men's health · 2026Review
- Article
- Article
- Echinacea Purpurea Polysaccharides Alleviate DSS-Induced Colitis in Rats by Regulating Gut Microbiota and Short-Chain Fatty Acid Metabolism.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Serum physiology, fecal microbiota, and metabolome signatures associated with perinatal stage transitions in Mongolian mares.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2026Article
- The parental intestinal microbiome modulates systemic and local glucocorticoid levels in neonatal mice.PloS one · 2026Article
- Causal genetic link between gut microbiome, metabolites, and autism spectrum disorder in a European cohort.Medicine · 2025Article
- Review: microbial metabolites - a key to address gut inflammation and barrier dysfunction in the premature infant.Gut microbes · 2025Review
- Early life gut microbiome and its impact on childhood health and chronic conditions.Gut microbes · 2025Review
- The dietary ligands, omega-3 fatty acid endocannabinoids and short-chain fatty acids prevent cytokine-induced reduction of human hippocampal neurogenesis and alter the expression of genes involved in neuroinflammation and neuroplasticity.Molecular psychiatry · 2025Article
- Deciphering dynamic antibiotics-microbiome-metabolome interactions in preterm infants using systems biology.iScience · 2025Article
- Postbiotics: A Promising Approach to Combat Age-Related Diseases.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
17 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Infants born under 1,500 g have an increased incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis in the ileum and the colon, which is a life-threatening intestinal necrosis. This is in part due to excessive inflammation in the immature intestine to colonizing bacteria because of an immature innate immune response. Breastmilk complex carbohydrates create metabolites of colonizing bacteria in the form of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). We studied the effect of breastmilk metabolites, SCFAs, on immature intestine with regard to anti-inflammatory effects. This showed that acetate, propionate, and butyrate were all anti-inflammatory to an IL-1β inflammatory stimulus. In this study, to further define the mechanism of anti-inflammation, we created transcription profiles of RNA from immature human enterocytes after exposure to butyrate with and without an IL-1β inflammatory stimulus. We demonstrated that butyrate stimulates an increase in tight-junction and mucus genes and if we inhibit these genes, the anti-inflammatory effect is partially lost. SCFAs, products of microbial metabolism of complex carbohydrates of breastmilk oligosaccharides, have been found with this study to induce an anti-IL-1β response that is associated with an upregulation of tight junctions and mucus genes in epithelial cells (H4 cells). These studies suggest that breastmilk in conjunction with probiotics can reduce excessive inflammation with metabolites that are anti-inflammatory and stimulate an increase in the mucosal barrier.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.