Evidence map›Paper›PMID 33085801›Full record

Trial reportBritish journal of clinical pharmacology2021

Effectiveness of a targeted and tailored pharmacist-led intervention to improve adherence to antihypertensive drugs among patients with type 2 diabetes in Indonesia: A cluster randomised controlled trial.

Sofa D Alfian, Job F M van Boven, Rizky Abdulah, Hadyana Sukandar, Petra Denig, Eelko Hak

Open access · hybridAbstract readRandomized Controlled Trial
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Trial report in British journal of clinical pharmacology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers, 7 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
27citing papers in PubMed, 7 pooled it
3.1field-weighted citation impact, top 9% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

27 citing papers in PubMed, 7 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 40 citations in OpenAlex.

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  6. Hypertension in Adults With Diabetes in Southeast Asia: A Systematic Review.Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.) · 2025
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.

Sofa D AlfianUniversity of Groningen, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Unit Pharmaco-Therapy, -Epidemiology & -Economics, Groningen, the Netherlands.ORCID 0000-0001-5419-8938
Job F M van BovenUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Groningen, the Netherlands.
Rizky AbdulahUniversitas Padjadjaran, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Jatinangor, Indonesia.
Hadyana SukandarUniversitas Padjadjaran, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health, Bandung, Indonesia.
Petra DenigUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Groningen, the Netherlands.ORCID 0000-0002-7929-4739
Eelko HakUniversity of Groningen, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Unit Pharmaco-Therapy, -Epidemiology & -Economics, Groningen, the Netherlands.
Padjadjaran University · IDUniversity Medical Center Groningen · NLUniversity of Groningen · NL

Funding

Indonesia Endowment Fund for Education (LPDP) (LPDP No: PRJ-2361/LPDP/2015).
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

aimTo assess the effects of a targeted and tailored pharmacist-led intervention among patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) who are nonadherent to antihypertensive drugs.

methodsA cluster-randomised controlled trial was conducted in 10 community health centres (CHCs) in Indonesia among T2DM patients aged ≥18 years who reported nonadherence to antihypertensive drugs according to the Medication Adherence Report Scale (MARS-5). Patients in CHCs randomised to the intervention group received a tailored intervention based on their adherence barriers (eg, forgetfulness, lack of knowledge, lack of motivation and/or other drug-related problems) using a simple question-based flowchart at baseline and 1-month follow-up. Patients in control CHCs received usual care. Primary outcome was the between-group difference in change in MARS-5 score from baseline to 3-month follow-up. Secondary outcomes included changes in patients' blood pressure and their medication beliefs. Differences in difference in primary and secondary outcomes between groups were assessed using general linear models.

resultsIn total, 201 patients were screened for eligibility, 113 met the inclusion criteria and participated, and 89 (79%) patients had complete follow-up. Forgetfulness (42%) and lack of knowledge (18%) were the most common adherence barriers identified at baseline. The intervention improved medication adherence by 4.62 points on the MARS-5 scale (95% CI 0.93 to 8.34, P value = 0.008). There were no significant changes in blood pressure levels and beliefs about antihypertensive drugs.

conclusionA tailored low-cost pharmacist-led intervention aimed at nonadherent T2DM patients resulted in an improvement in medication adherence to antihypertensive drugs. There were no significant changes in secondary outcomes.

Indexed as

Antihypertensive AgentsDiabetes Mellitus, Type 2AdolescentAdultBlood PressureHumansIndonesiaMedication AdherencePharmacistsAntihypertensive Agentsadherence intervention wheelantihypertensive drugscluster randomised controlled trialcommunity pharmacistdiabeteslow- and middle-income countriesmedication adherence

Identifiers

PMID33085801
PMCPMC8056734
OpenAlexW3094272542

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY-NC
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.