ArticleMolecular neurobiology2021
Estrogen Attenuates Traumatic Brain Injury by Inhibiting the Activation of Microglia and Astrocyte-Mediated Neuroinflammatory Responses.
Article in Molecular neurobiology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 76 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
76 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 140 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Curcumin relieves gas explosion-induced brain injury via TLR4-mediated M2 polarization of microglia.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Article
- Pyrroloquinoline Quinone Attenuates Traumatic Brain Injury-Induced Secondary Damage by Activating PINK1/Parkin-Mediated Mitophagy and Suppressing ASS1/CPS1-Driven Arginine Biosynthesis.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2026Article
- PDCD1 Signaling in Microglia Can Reduce Neuroinflammation and Apoptosis Induced by Traumatic Brain Injury by Regulating PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway, Thereby Alleviating Neurological Dysfunction.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Article
- Cognitive loss after brain trauma results from sex-specific activation of synaptic pruning processes.Brain : a journal of neurology · 2026Article
- Microbiota-gut-brain axis imbalance: a promising therapeutic target for preserving brain health in high-altitude environment.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2026Review
- Case report: Effective treatment of posttraumatic aggression in a child affected by TBI treated with long-acting injectable paliperidone: a case study and literature review.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Article
- Stage-Dependent Function of Astrocytes in Alzheimer's Disease: A Review.Neuroscience insights · 2026Review
- The Role and Mechanism of Estrogen in Perimenopausal Depression.Current neuropharmacology · 2026Review
- Astrocytic SIRT1 ameliorates cognitive deficits after traumatic brain injury via autophagy-mediated MEGF10 phagocytosis.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2025Article
- Neuroprotective effect of Continentalic acid by targeting NF-κB/Bcl-2 and oxidative stress signaling in traumatic brain injury in male BALB/c mice.Molecular biology reports · 2025Article
- Cardiac arrest triggers IL-17-mediated neuroinflammation and astrocyte polarization: insights into pathogenesis and intervention.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2025Article
- Central neuropeptides as key modulators of astrocyte function in neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders.Psychopharmacology · 2025Review
- TNF-α in traumatic brain injury: a bidirectional effect in regulating neuroimmune and inflammatory responses.Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS · 2025Review
- Microglia sensing of peripheral signals that bridge the brain and body.Molecular neurodegeneration · 2025Review
- Thyroid Hormone T4 Alleviates Traumatic Brain Injury by Enhancing Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Inhibition of the HMGB1-RAGE Axis Attenuates Microglial Inflammation and Ameliorates Hypoxia-Induced Cognitive Impairment.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Sex Differences in the Regulation of Interleukins in Chronic Pain: A Widely Recognized but Difficult-to-Tackle Factor.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Astrocyte-derived complement C3 facilitated microglial phagocytosis of synapses in Staphylococcus aureus-associated neurocognitive deficits.PLoS pathogens · 2025Article
- Association of Hormone Replacement Therapy with Inflammatory Bowel Disease Risk in Women with Menopausal Disorders: A Population-Based Retrospective Cohort Study.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
16 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI), which leads to high mortality and morbidity, is a prominent public health problem worldwide. Neuroinflammation involving microglia and astrocyte activation has been demonstrated to play critical role in the secondary injury induced by TBI. A1 astrocytes, which are induced by activated microglia, can directly kill neurons by secreting neurotoxic complement C3. Estrogen has been proved to possess neuroprotective effects, but the effect and underlying mechanism of estrogen on TBI-induced neuroinflammatory injury remain largely unclear. In this study, we constructed an adult male mouse model of TBI and immediately after injury treated the mice with 17β-estradiol (E2) (100 μg/kg, once every day via intraperitoneal injection) for 3 days. We found that E2 treatment significantly alleviated TBI-induced neurological deficits, neuronal injuries, and brain edema and significantly inhibited Iba1 and GFAP expression, which are markers of microglia and astrocyte activation, respectively. E2 treatment also significantly inhibited TLR4 and NF-κB protein expression, and significantly reduced the expression of the proinflammatory factors IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. Moreover, E2 treatment significantly decreased the number of complement C3d/GFAP-positive cells and complement C3d protein expression. Taking these results together, we concluded that E2 treatment dramatically alleviates TBI neuroinflammatory injury by inhibiting TLR4/NF-κB pathway-mediated microglia and astrocyte activation and neuroinflammation and reducing A1-phenotype neurotoxic astrocyte activation. Our findings indicate that E2 treatment may be a potential therapy strategy for TBI-induced neuroinflammation injury.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.