ReviewCurrent osteoporosis reports2020
When the Nervous System Turns Skeletal Muscles into Bones: How to Solve the Conundrum of Neurogenic Heterotopic Ossification.
Review in Current osteoporosis reports, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 31 citations in OpenAlex.
- M1 macrophage-derived CXCL12 drives neurogenic heterotopic ossification following spinal cord injury.Neural regeneration research · 2026Article
- Heterotopic Ossification: Molecular Drivers, Subtype-Specific Mechanisms, and Translational Therapeutic Advances.Biomolecules · 2026Review
- Many but not all pathogen-associated molecular patterns aggravate neurogenic heterotopic ossification after spinal cord injury.Journal of biomedical science · 2026Article
- Cytokine array analyses and osteogenic potential of plasma from patients with traumatic brain-/spinal cord injury: predictive markers of heterotopic ossification?European journal of trauma and emergency surgery : official publication of the European Trauma Society · 2026Article
- Macrophage Polarization in Heterotopic Ossification: Inflammation, Osteogenesis, and Emerging Therapeutic Targets.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Histology of neurogenic heterotopic ossification and comparison with its radiological expression in acute spinal cord injured patients.Spinal cord · 2025Article
- A glucocorticoid spike derails muscle repair to heterotopic ossification after spinal cord injury.Cell reports. Medicine · 2024Article
- The Role of Neuromodulation and Potential Mechanism in Regulating Heterotopic Ossification.Neurochemical research · 2024Review
- Nontraumatic Myositis Ossificans After Spontaneous Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Case Report.Brain & NeuroRehabilitation · 2024Article
- Oncostatin M: Dual Regulator of the Skeletal and Hematopoietic Systems.Current osteoporosis reports · 2024Review
- Heterotopic Ossification around the Elbow Revisited.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Localized, time-dependent responses of rat cranial bone to repeated mild traumatic brain injuries.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Effectiveness of Prophylactic Interventions in Neurogenic Heterotopic Ossification (NHO): A Systematic Review.Cureus · 2022Review
- Spinal cord injury reprograms muscle fibroadipogenic progenitors to form heterotopic bones within muscles.Bone research · 2022Article
- Macrophages in heterotopic ossification: from mechanisms to therapy.NPJ Regenerative medicine · 2021Review
- Neurogenic Heterotopic Ossifications Recapitulate Hematopoietic Stem Cell Niche Development Within an Adult Osteogenic Muscle Environment.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
purpose of reviewNeurogenic heterotopic ossification (NHO) is the abnormal formation of extra-skeletal bones in periarticular muscles after damage to the central nervous system (CNS) such as spinal cord injury (SCI), traumatic brain injury (TBI), stroke, or cerebral anoxia. The purpose of this review is to summarize recent developments in the understanding of NHO pathophysiology and pathogenesis. Recent animal models of NHO and recent findings investigating the communication between CNS injury, tissue inflammation, and upcoming NHO therapeutics are discussed. RECENT
findingsAnimal models of NHO following TBI or SCI have shown that NHO requires the combined effects of a severe CNS injury and soft tissue damage, in particular muscular inflammation and the infiltration of macrophages into damaged muscles plays a key role. In the context of a CNS injury, the inflammatory response to soft tissue damage is exaggerated and persistent with excessive signaling via substance P-, oncostatin M-, and TGF-β1-mediated pathways. This review provides an overview of the known animal models and mechanisms of NHO and current therapeutic interventions for NHO patients. While some of the inflammatory mechanisms leading to NHO are common with other forms of traumatic and genetic heterotopic ossifications (HO), NHOs uniquely involve systemic changes in response to CNS injury. Future research into these CNS-mediated mechanisms is likely to reveal new targetable pathways to prevent NHO development in patients.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.