ArticleJournal for immunotherapy of cancer2020
Galectin-9-based immune risk score model helps to predict relapse in stage I-III small cell lung cancer.
Article in Journal for immunotherapy of cancer, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 28 citations in OpenAlex.
- New insights on Galectin-9 expression in cancer prognosis: An updated systemic review and meta-analysis.PloS one · 2025Pooled it
- Research trends in lung cancer and the tumor microenvironment: a bibliometric analysis of studies published from 2014 to 2023.Frontiers in oncology · 2024Pooled it
- Review
- Prognostic alternative splicing signatures in esophageal cancer reveal SF3A3 as a key oncogenic splicing factor.Translational cancer research · 2026Article
- Galectins at the crossroads of tumor immunity, metabolism, and metastasis: mechanisms, therapeutic resistance, and translational opportunities.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Galectin-9-An Emerging Glyco-Immune Checkpoint Target for Cancer Therapy.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- A bibliometric visualization of resistance to lung cancer immunotherapy: a decade of research progress (2014-2024).Frontiers in oncology · 2025Article
- The Dual Role of the NFATc2/galectin-9 Axis in Modulating Tumor-Initiating Cell Phenotypes and Immune Suppression in Lung Adenocarcinoma.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2024Article
- Article
- A new emerging target in cancer immunotherapy: Galectin-9 (LGALS9).Genes & diseases · 2023Review
- Article
- The Importance of the Immune System and Molecular Cell Signaling Pathways in the Pathogenesis and Progression of Lung Cancer.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Galectin-9 in cancer therapy: from immune checkpoint ligand to promising therapeutic target.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2023Review
- Galectin-9 expression on tumour-associated immune cells is associated with favourable clinicopathological features and better outcomes in oral squamous cell carcinoma.Contemporary oncology (Poznan, Poland) · 2023Article
- Inhibition of Galectin-9 sensitizes tumors to anthracycline treatment via inducing antitumor immunity.International journal of biological sciences · 2023Article
- Infiltrating T lymphocytes in the tumor microenvironment of small cell lung cancer: a state of knowledge review.Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology · 2022Review
- Development and characterization of anti-galectin-9 antibodies that protect T cells from galectin-9-induced cell death.The Journal of biological chemistry · 2022Article
- Galectin-9 expression predicts poor prognosis in hepatitis B virus-associated hepatocellular carcinoma.Aging · 2022Article
- Galectin-9 protects humanized-ACE2 immunocompetent mice from SARS-CoV-2 infection.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- A prediction model integrated genomic alterations and immune signatures of tumor immune microenvironment for early recurrence of stage I NSCLC after curative resection.Translational lung cancer research · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundFor small cell lung cancer (SCLC) therapy, immunotherapy might have unique advantages to some extent. Galectin-9 (Gal-9) plays an important role in antitumor immunity, while little is known of its function in SCLC. MATERIALS AND
methodsBy mean of immunohistochemistry (IHC), we tested the expression level of Gal-9 and other immune markers on both tumor cells and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in 102 surgical-resected early stage SCLC clinical samples. On the basis of statistical analysis and machine learning results, the Gal-9-based immune risk score model was constructed and its predictive performance was evaluated. Then, we thoroughly explored the effects of Gal-9 and immune risk score on SCLC immune microenvironment and immune infiltration in different cohorts and platforms.
resultsIn the SCLC cohort for IHC, the expression level of Gal-9 on TILs was statistically correlated with the levels of program death-1 (p=0.001), program death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) (p<0.001), CD3 (p<0.001), CD4 (p<0.001), CD8 (p<0.001), and FOXP3 (p=0.047). High Gal-9 protein expression on TILs indicated better recurrence-free survival (30.4 months, 95% CI: 23.7-37.1 vs 39.4 months, 95% CI: 31.6-47.3, p=0.009). The immune risk score model which consisted of Gal-9 on TILs, CD4, and PD-L1 on TILs was established and validated so as to differentiate high-risk or low-risk patients with SCLC. The prognostic predictive performance of immune risk score model was better than single immune biomarker (area under the curve 0.671 vs 0.621-0.644). High Gal-9-related enrichment pathways in SCLC were enriched in immune system diseases and rheumatic disease. Furthermore, we found that patients with SCLC with low immune risk score presented higher fractions of activated memory CD4 T cells than patients with high immune risk score (p=0.048).
conclusionsGal-9 is markedly related to tumor-immune microenvironment and immune infiltration in SCLC. This study emphasized the predictive value and promising clinical applications of Gal-9 in stage I-III SCLC.
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