ArticleToxins2020
Gradual and Discrete Ontogenetic Shifts in Rattlesnake Venom Composition and Assessment of Hormonal and Ecological Correlates.
Article in Toxins, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
What it found
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 22 citations in OpenAlex.
- Truncated Life History Underlies Rapid Local Adaptation in Island Rattlesnake Venom Expression.Genome biology and evolution · 2026Article
- Venom variation and the future of antivenom design: Integrating population venomics, evolutionary toxinology, and precision therapeutics.Toxicon: X · 2026Review
- Life history and chromosome organization determine chemoreceptor gene expression in rattlesnakes.The Journal of heredity · 2025Article
- A Segregating Structural Variant Defines Novel Venom Phenotypes in the Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnake.Molecular biology and evolution · 2025Article
- A review of the venom microbiome and its utility in ecology and evolution including future directions for emerging research.Symbiosis (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2025Article
- Where the "ruber" Meets the Road: Using the Genome of the Red Diamond Rattlesnake to Unravel the Evolutionary Processes Driving Venom Evolution.Genome biology and evolution · 2024Article
- From birth to bite: the evolutionary ecology of India's medically most important snake venoms.BMC biology · 2024Article
- The genetic regulatory architecture and epigenomic basis for age-related changes in rattlesnake venom.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2024Article
- Article
- A Review of Rattlesnake Venoms.Toxins · 2023Review
- Individual Variability inToxins · 2021Article
- Size Matters: An Evaluation of the Molecular Basis of Ontogenetic Modifications in the Composition ofToxins · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Ontogenetic shifts in venom occur in many snakes but establishing their nature as gradual or discrete processes required additional study. We profiled shifts in venom expression from the neonate to adult sizes of two rattlesnake species, the eastern diamondback and the timber rattlesnake. We used serial sampling and venom chromatographic profiling to test if ontogenetic change occurs gradually or discretely. We found evidence for gradual shifts in overall venom composition in six of eight snakes, which sometimes spanned more than two years. Most chromatographic peaks shift gradually, but one quarter shift in a discrete fashion. Analysis of published diet data showed gradual shifts in overall diet composition across the range of body sizes attained by our eight study animals, while the shifts in abundance of different prey classes varied in form from gradual to discrete. Testosterone concentrations were correlated with the change in venom protein composition, but the relationship is not strong enough to suggest causation. Venom research employing simple juvenile versus adult size thresholds may be failing to account for continuous variation in venom composition lifespan. Our results imply that venom shifts represent adaptive matches to dietary shifts and highlight venom for studies of alternative gene regulatory mechanisms.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.