ReviewJournal of reproductive immunology2020
The role of Interleukin-4 in COVID-19 associated male infertility - A hypothesis.
Review in Journal of reproductive immunology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 56 citations in OpenAlex.
- Trial
- Rare Structural Variants Uncovered by Optical Genome Mapping in Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C).Advanced genetics (Hoboken, N.J.) · 2025Article
- Review
- Oral Immunisation With Non-GMO Surface Displayed SARS-CoV-2 Spike Epitopes on Bacteria-Like Particles Provokes Robust Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses, and Modulated the Gut Microbiome in Mice.Microbial biotechnology · 2025Article
- Effect of prone positioning on inflammatory markers in blood and lungs: a retrospective cohort study in COVID-19-related ARDS.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Article
- Mosaic vaccine design targeting mutational spike protein of SAR-SCoV-2: An immunoinformatics approach.BioImpacts : BI · 2025Article
- COVID-19 related epigenetic changes and atopic dermatitis: An exploratory analysis.The World Allergy Organization journal · 2025Article
- The Potential of Glucosinolates and Their Hydrolysis Products as Inhibitors of Cytokine Storms.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- NFκB and NLRP3/NLRC4 inflammasomes regulate differentiation, activation and functional properties of monocytes in response to distinct SARS-CoV-2 proteins.Nature communications · 2024Article
- A mathematical model of protein subunits COVID-19 vaccines.Mathematical biosciences · 2023Article
- From Immunogen to COVID-19 vaccines: Prospects for the post-pandemic era.Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie · 2023Review
- Early Cytokine Signatures of Hospitalized Mild and Severe COVID-19 Patients: A Prospective Observational Study.Journal of inflammation research · 2023Article
- Circulating Inflammatory Factor Levels in the Early Phase of COVID-19 are Associated with the Progression of Respiratory Failure: A Single-Center Retrospective Study.Journal of inflammation research · 2023Article
- Concentrations of matrix metallopeptidase 9, interleukin 4, and interleukin 8 in follicular fluid, and the results ofThe Journal of international medical research · 2022Article
- The potential impact of COVID-19 on male reproductive health.Journal of endocrinological investigation · 2022Review
- COVID-19 and the role of cytokines in this disease.Inflammopharmacology · 2022Review
- Omicron variant infection and the associated immunological scenario.Immunobiology · 2022Review
- Increased odds ratio for erectile dysfunction in COVID-19 patients.Journal of endocrinological investigation · 2022Article
- Review
- Could Lower Testosterone in Older Men Explain Higher COVID-19 Morbidity and Mortalities?International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
COVID-19 is a present-day complex pandemic infection with unpredictable levels of morbidity and mortality in various global populations. COVID-19 is associated with the different comorbidities with its change in biological function such as causing heart dysfunction via deregulating ACE-2 receptor, gastrointestinal risk via causing vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain, chronic kidney disease via proteinuria and hematuria, diabetes mellitus, liver injury via increasing ALT, AST and bilirubin level, lung injury, CNS risk, ocular risk, and cancer risk. In this, we are focused on the COVID-19 connected with male infertility. Some of the studies show that the patients of COVID-19 are associated with impaired spermatogenesis. Impaired spermatogenesis via COVID-19 decreases the level of testosterone by disturbing cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-4, IL-6, and IL-12 and further, attenuates the sperm count. COVID-19 is causing inflammation via TNF-α and interferons. IL-4 plays an eminent role in the activation of the JAK-STAT pathway and leads to the disturbing pro-inflammatory cytokine as well as further cause's male infertility. Th2 activates the IL-4 through IgG and IgE and mediates apoptosis with the triggering of STAT signaling. The activated STAT signaling augments Batf/Irf4, and the Bach2/Batf pathway. On the other hand, SARS-CoV-2 is activating the level of Th2 cells. So, we hypothesized that the augmented Th2 cells would disturb the level of IL-4, JAK-STAT signaling, Batf/Irf4, and Bach2/Batf pathway. The disturbed IL-4 decreases the level of the ACE-2 with the inflammation. This further leads to male infertility in COVID-19 patients. So, in this hypothesis, we focused on the role of IL-4 in COVID-19 patients associated with male infertility via Th2 cells and JAK-STAT signaling.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.