ArticlePloS one2020
Purchase and use of antimicrobials in the hospital sector of Vietnam, a lower middle-income country with an emerging pharmaceuticals market.
Article in PloS one, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 22 citations in OpenAlex.
- Unequal budgeting and limited WHO AWaRe Access antibiotics in Punjab: procurement policy gaps in Pakistan's National Action Plan against antimicrobial resistance.Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique · 2025Article
- Economic costing methodologies for drug-resistant bacterial infections in humans in low-and middle-income countries: a systematic review.Health economics review · 2025Review
- Availability and cost of antifungal therapy in Vietnam: A 5-year retrospective study.Medical mycology · 2025Article
- Increasing the use of the WHO AWaRe system in antibiotic surveillance and stewardship programmes in low- and middle-income countries.JAC-antimicrobial resistance · 2025Review
- Observational
- Antibiotic use in public hospitals in Vietnam between 2018 and 2022: a retrospective study.BMJ open · 2024Article
- Analysis of antibiotic use patterns in Danish hospitals 2015-2021 using an adapted version of the who aware classification.BMJ open quality · 2022Article
- Country data on AMR in Vietnam in the context of community-acquired respiratory tract infections: links between antibiotic susceptibility, local and international antibiotic prescribing guidelines, access to medicines and clinical outcome.The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy · 2022Article
- Antibiotic use for empirical therapy in the critical care units in primary and secondary hospitals in Vietnam: a multicenter cross-sectional study.The Lancet regional health. Western Pacific · 2022Article
- The Gut Microbiome of Healthy Vietnamese Adults and Children Is a Major Reservoir for Resistance Genes Against Critical Antimicrobials.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2021Article
- Understanding Antimicrobial Resistance from the Perspective of Public Policy: A Multinational Knowledge, Attitude, and Perception Survey to Determine Global Awareness.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- National Antibiotic Consumption for Human Use in Sierra Leone (2017-2019): A Cross-Sectional Study.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2021Article
- Do Drug Accessibility and OOP Burden Affect Health-Related Quality of Life of Patients With Chronic Diseases? - EQ-5D-5L Evaluation Evidence From Five Districts in China.Frontiers in public health · 2021Article
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
introductionAntimicrobial use is associated with emergence of antimicrobial resistance. We report hospital antimicrobial procurement, as a surrogate for consumption in humans, expenditure and prices in public hospitals in Vietnam, a lower middle-income country with a high burden of drug resistant infections.
methodData on antimicrobial procurement were obtained from tender-winning bids from provincial health authorities and public hospitals with detailed bids representing 28.7% (1.68 / 5.85 billion US $) of total hospital medication spend in Vietnam. Antimicrobials were classified using the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) Index and the 2019 WHO Access, Watch, Reserve (AWaRe) groups. Volume was measured in number of Defined Daily Doses (DDD). Antimicrobial prices were presented per DDD.
resultsExpenditure on systemic antibacterials and antifungals accounted for 28.6% (US $482.6 million/US $1.68 billion) of the total drug bids. 83% of antibacterials (572,698,014 DDDs) by volume (accounting for 45.5% of the antibacterials spend) were domestically supplied. Overall, the most procured antibacterials by DDD were second generation cephalosporins, combinations of penicillins and beta-lactamase inhibitors, and penicillins with extended spectrum. For parenteral antibacterials this was third generation cephalosporins. The average price for antibacterials was US $15.6, US $0.86, US $0.4 and US $11.7 per DDD for Reserve, Watch, Access and non-recommended/unclassified group antibacterials, respectively.
conclusionsAntimicrobials accounted for a substantial proportion of the funds spent for medication in public hospitals in Vietnam. The pattern of antibacterial consumption was similar to other countries. The high prices of Reserve group and non-recommended/unclassified antibacterials suggests a need for a combination of national pricing and antimicrobial stewardship policies to ensure appropriate accessibility.
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