ReviewNature reviews. Immunology2021
Rethinking peripheral T cell tolerance: checkpoints across a T cell's journey.
Review in Nature reviews. Immunology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 150 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
150 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 249 citations in OpenAlex.
- Hyperbaric oxygen therapy modulates immune effector responses and reshapes peripheral immune tolerance: a narrative review.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Pooled it
- Calibrating T cell responsiveness through interactions with self.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2026Review
- Re-engineering CD154 blockade for transplantation: Fc-free design to separate thrombotic risk from therapeutic function.Clinical transplantation and research · 2026Review
- T cell senescence and exhaustion: molecular mechanisms and immune rejuvenation for cancer immunotherapy.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Review
- Review
- The language of the immune system: Part 1: Cytokine conversations and conversationalists.ImmunoHorizons · 2026Review
- RNA Helicase DDX21 Controls CD4Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Expression of LAG-3, TIM-3, and VISTA on Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes in Advanced Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Their Association with CD8+ TIL Density.Biomedicines · 2026Article
- [Ubiquitination-mediated regulation of T cell homeostasis and autoimmune diseases].Zhong nan da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban = Journal of Central South University. Medical sciences · 2026Review
- Immunocyte senescence: A new perspective on the remodeling of the ovarian cancer microenvironment and therapeutic intervention.Journal of pharmaceutical analysis · 2026Review
- Inhibition of LARP4-mediated quiescence exit of naive CD4Nature biomedical engineering · 2026Article
- Genetic Determinants of T-Cell Homeostasis in Critical Illness: An Exploratory Analysis of Immune Gene Variants and TREC Dynamics.Journal of personalized medicine · 2026Article
- CD8 T Cell Sensing of Type I Interferon Impacts Anergy.European journal of immunology · 2026Article
- Impact of oncogenic viruses on autoimmune diseases and tumorigenesis.Infectious agents and cancer · 2026Review
- Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Malignant Melanoma: Anti-PD-1, Anti-CTLA-4 and Anti-LAG-3 Therapies.Current oncology reports · 2026Review
- CD27 and ICOS as Targets of PD-1/PD-L1 Signaling to Regulate Resident Memory CD8Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Circadian rhythm in immunotherapy and cellular therapy: impacts on the tumor microenvironment.Acta biochimica et biophysica Sinica · 2026Review
- TREC dynamics as a biomarker of naive T-cell homeostasis in traumatic brain injury: a longitudinal analysis.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- From immune dysregulation to renal injury: mechanistic insights and translational opportunities in immune-mediated nephropathies.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2026Review
- The dual role of T cells in solid organ transplant rejection and immune tolerance.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
90 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Following their exit from the thymus, T cells are endowed with potent effector functions but must spare host tissue from harm. The fate of these cells is dictated by a series of checkpoints that regulate the quality and magnitude of T cell-mediated immunity, known as tolerance checkpoints. In this Perspective, we discuss the mediators and networks that control the six main peripheral tolerance checkpoints throughout the life of a T cell: quiescence, ignorance, anergy, exhaustion, senescence and death. At the naive T cell stage, two intrinsic checkpoints that actively maintain tolerance are quiescence and ignorance. In the presence of co-stimulation-deficient T cell activation, anergy is a dominant hallmark that mandates T cell unresponsiveness. When T cells are successfully stimulated and reach the effector stage, exhaustion and senescence can limit excessive inflammation and prevent immunopathology. At every stage of the T cell's journey, cell death exists as a checkpoint to limit clonal expansion and to terminate unrestrained responses. Here, we compare and contrast the T cell tolerance checkpoints and discuss their specific roles, with the aim of providing an integrated view of T cell peripheral tolerance and fate regulation.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.