ArticleScientific reports2020
Health system utilization before age 1 among children later diagnosed with autism or ADHD.
Article in Scientific reports, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 18 citations in OpenAlex.
- Patterns of Early Development in Children with ADHD.Journal of clinical child and adolescent psychology : the official journal for the Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, American Psychological Association, Division 53 · 2026Article
- Using clinical notes to identify children with speech-language delay and understand differences in diagnostic timing.JAMIA open · 2026Article
- Early attention deficit hyperactivity disorder prediction from longitudinal electronic health records.Nature. Mental health · 2026Article
- Assessing direct medical costs of children following a new prescription of ADHD medication.BMC health services research · 2025Article
- Developmental Disturbances in Animal Models of Autism Spectrum Disorder.Developmental neurobiology · 2025Review
- Healthcare use in individuals with and without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A population-based longitudinal matched cohort study.PLOS mental health · 2025Article
- Early identification of children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).PLOS digital health · 2024Article
- Sex differences in the age of childhood autism diagnosis and the impact of co-occurring conditions.Autism research : official journal of the International Society for Autism Research · 2023Article
- A Developmental Social Neuroscience Perspective on Infant Autism Interventions.Annual review of developmental psychology · 2023Article
- Prediction of autism in infants: progress and challenges.The Lancet. Neurology · 2023Review
- A tablet-based game for the assessment of visual motor skills in autistic children.NPJ digital medicine · 2023Article
- Predictive Value of Early Autism Detection Models Based on Electronic Health Record Data Collected Before Age 1 Year.JAMA network open · 2023Article
- The Relationship Between the Survey of Well-being of Young Children and Speech-language Delay Diagnosis.Journal of developmental and behavioral pediatrics : JDBPArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have 2-3 times increased healthcare utilization and annual costs once diagnosed, but little is known about their utilization patterns early in life. Quantifying their early health system utilization could uncover condition-specific health trajectories to facilitate earlier detection and intervention. Patients born 10/1/2006-10/1/2016 with ≥ 2 well-child visits within the Duke University Health System before age 1 were grouped as ASD, ADHD, ASD + ADHD, or No Diagnosis using retrospective billing codes. An additional comparison group was defined by later upper respiratory infection diagnosis. Adjusted odds ratios (AOR) for hospital admissions, procedures, emergency department (ED) visits, and outpatient clinic encounters before age 1 were compared between groups via logistic regression models. Length of hospital encounters were compared between groups via Mann-Whitney U test. In total, 29,929 patients met study criteria (ASD N = 343; ADHD N = 1175; ASD + ADHD N = 140). ASD was associated with increased procedures (AOR = 1.5, p < 0.001), including intubation and ventilation (AOR = 2.4, p < 0.001); and outpatient specialty care, including physical therapy (AOR = 3.5, p < 0.001) and ophthalmology (AOR = 3.1, p < 0.001). ADHD was associated with increased procedures (AOR = 1.41, p < 0.001), including blood transfusion (AOR = 4.7, p < 0.001); hospital admission (AOR = 1.60, p < 0.001); and ED visits (AOR = 1.58, p < 0.001). Median length of stay was increased after birth in ASD (+ 6.5 h, p < 0.001) and ADHD (+ 3.8 h, p < 0.001), and after non-birth admission in ADHD (+ 1.1 d, p < 0.001) and ASD + ADHD (+ 2.4 d, p = 0.003). Each condition was associated with increased health system utilization and distinctive patterns of utilization before age 1. Recognizing these patterns may contribute to earlier detection and intervention.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.