ArticleVaccines2020
Influenza Vaccination and Risk of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in a Cohort of Health Workers.
Article in Vaccines, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Vaccination against influenza viruses reduces infection, not hospitalization or death, from respiratory COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of medical virology · 2024Pooled it
- Association between influenza vaccination and SARS-CoV-2 infection and its outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis.Chinese medical journal · 2022Pooled it
- The Association Between Previous Influenza Vaccination and COVID-19 Infection Risk and Severity: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.American journal of preventive medicine · 2022Pooled it
- Biometric Strategies to Improve Vaccine Immunogenicity and Effectiveness.Biomimetics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Article
- Incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection and associated risk factors among staff and residents at homeless shelters in King County, Washington: an active surveillance study.Epidemiology and infection · 2023Article
- The interactions of SARS-CoV-2 with cocirculating pathogens: Epidemiological implications and current knowledge gaps.PLoS pathogens · 2023Review
- High Prevalence of Respiratory Co-Infections and Risk Factors in COVID-19 Patients at Hospital Admission During an Epidemic Peak in China.Infection and drug resistance · 2023Article
- An overview on viral interference during SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2023Review
- Influenza and Pneumococcal Vaccination and the Risk of COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Impact of influenza vaccination on GP-diagnosed COVID-19 and all-cause mortality: a Dutch cohort study.BMJ open · 2022Article
- Article
- Effect of the 2020/21 season influenza vaccine on SARS-CoV-2 infection in a cohort of Italian healthcare workers.Vaccine · 2022Observational
- COVID-19 and Seasonal Influenza Vaccination: Cross-Protection, Co-Administration, Combination Vaccines, and Hesitancy.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- The Influenza Vaccine May Protect Pregnant and Postpartum Women against Severe COVID-19.Vaccines · 2022Article
- The Potential Benefits of the Influenza Vaccination on COVID-19 Mortality Rate-A Retrospective Analysis of Patients in Poland.Vaccines · 2021Article
- Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in health care workers of a teaching hospital in Belgium: self-reported occupational and household risk factors for seropositivity.Diagnostic microbiology and infectious disease · 2021Article
- Absence of association between 2019-20 influenza vaccination and COVID-19: Results of the European I-MOVE-COVID-19 primary care project, March-August 2020.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2021Article
- Article
- Influenza vaccination and the risk of COVID-19 infection and severe illness in older adults in the United States.Scientific reports · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Vaccines may induce positive non-specific immune responses to other pathogens. This study aims to evaluate if influenza vaccination in the 2019-2020 season had any effect on the risk of SARS-CoV-2 confirmed infection in a cohort of health workers. During the first SARS-CoV-2 epidemic wave in Spain, between March and May 2020, a cohort of 11,201 health workers was highly tested by RT-qPCR and/or rapid antibody test when the infection was suspected. Later in June, 8665 of them were tested for total antibodies in serum. A total of 890 (7.9%) health workers were laboratory-confirmed for SARS-CoV-2 infection by any type of test, while no case of influenza was detected. The adjusted odds ratio between 2019-2020 influenza vaccination and SARS-CoV-2 confirmed infection was the same (1.07; 95% CI, 0.92-1.24) in both comparisons of positive testers with all others (cohort design) and with negative testers (test-negative design). Among symptomatic patients tested by RT-qPCR, the comparison of positive cases and negative controls showed an adjusted odds ratio of 0.86 (95% CI, 0.68-1.08). These results suggest that influenza vaccination does not significantly modify the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The development of specific vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 is urgent.
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