Trial reportThe Journal of experimental medicine2021
Phenotypic and functional characterization of first-trimester human placental macrophages, Hofbauer cells.
Trial report in The Journal of experimental medicine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 108 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
108 citing papers in PubMed, 183 citations in OpenAlex.
- A placental and fetal liver TGFβ signaling axis drives fetal immunosuppression in maternal obesity.iScience · 2026Article
- Fermented Foods, Functional Nutrition, and Maternal Gut Microbiota During Pregnancy: Molecular Mechanisms and the Maternal-Infant Microbiome Axis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Human cytomegalovirus at the maternal-fetal interface: an overview of pathogenesis, defence, and interventions.Clinical science (London, England : 1979) · 2026Review
- Macrophage efferocytosis in pregnancy and pregnancy complications.Reproduction & fertility · 2026Review
- Maternal opioid use and hepatitis C infection disrupt the placental immune landscape and structure.JCI insight · 2026Article
- Breaking barriers: how cytomegaloviruses manipulate myeloid cells to invade tissues.EMBO reports · 2026Review
- Inflammation at the Maternal-Fetal Interface: Mechanisms Linking Maternal-Fetal Immunity to Preeclampsia and Fetal Growth Restriction.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Folate receptor beta drives NLRP3 inflammasome activation and pyroptosis in macrophages independent of folate binding.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2026Article
- Placental Histiocyte Phenotypes in Chronic Histiocytic Intervillositis: A Comprehensive Immunophenotypic and Morphologic Atlas.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Subtype specific immune-metabolic reprogramming in preeclampsia revealed by multiomics and serum biomarkers.Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension · 2026Article
- Distinct transcriptional and epigenomic programs define Hofbauer cells in term placenta.JCI insight · 2026Article
- Hofbauer Cells in Pregnancies Complicated by Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Pathological Fetal Growth.American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989) · 2026Article
- Detection of spike protein in term placentas of COVID-19 vaccinated and/or SARS-CoV-2 infected women.PloS one · 2026Article
- Early maternal obesity shapes offspring development through immune mechanisms: a systematized review.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- TORCH infections at the maternal-fetal placental transmission: an overview of multi-omics, pathogenesis and innate immune defense.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Review
- Single-cell RNA sequencing of leukocytes at the maternal-fetal interface in physiological and pathological Nodal-deficient pregnancies.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Isolation and characterization of Hofbauer cells from human term placentas.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Decidua macrophages display a restrained inflammatory profile during chorioamnionitis.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Genetic variation in macrophage-restricted FOLR2 is associated with neurodevelopmental and reproductive immune phenotypes.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Viral Vertical Transmission through the Placenta: The Potential of Natural Products as Therapeutic and Prophylactic Antiviral Agents.Current topics in medicinal chemistry · 2026Review
48 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
16 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Hofbauer cells (HBCs) are a population of macrophages found in high abundance within the stroma of the first-trimester human placenta. HBCs are the only fetal immune cell population within the stroma of healthy placenta. However, the functional properties of these cells are poorly described. Aligning with their predicted origin via primitive hematopoiesis, we find that HBCs are transcriptionally similar to yolk sac macrophages. Phenotypically, HBCs can be identified as HLA-DR-FOLR2+ macrophages. We identify a number of factors that HBCs secrete (including OPN and MMP-9) that could affect placental angiogenesis and remodeling. We determine that HBCs have the capacity to play a defensive role, where they are responsive to Toll-like receptor stimulation and are microbicidal. Finally, we also identify a population of placenta-associated maternal macrophages (PAMM1a) that adhere to the placental surface and express factors, such as fibronectin, that may aid in repair.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.