Trial reportHealth education & behavior : the official publication of the Society for Public Health Education2021
Testing the Effects of Hookah Tobacco Social Media Risk Communication Messages Among Young Adults.
Trial report in Health education & behavior : the official publication of the Society for Public Health Education, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 13 citations in OpenAlex.
- Messaging to prevent and reduce young adults' waterpipe tobacco smoking: A randomized trial.Addictive behaviors · 2023Trial
- Temporal and Thematic Analysis of Promotional Waterpipe-Related Posts on Twitter/X in the US.Substance use & misuse · 2025Article
- Effects of reduced nicotine content cigarette advertising with warning labels and social media features on product perceptions among young adults.Journal of behavioral medicine · 2023Article
- Exploring motivations for engagement with the Healthy Lunch Box campaign on social media.Health promotion international · 2023Article
- Assessing Attention to Tobacco Warnings With a Heatmapping Task.American journal of preventive medicine · 2023Article
- Exposure to tobacco and betel nut content on social media, risk perceptions, and susceptibility to peer influence among early adolescents in Guam.Addictive behaviors reports · 2022Article
- The inclusion of implementation outcomes in digital health interventions for young adults: A scoping review.Digital healthReview
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundHookah tobacco is commonly used among young adults, and use is driven in part by widespread misperceptions about risks. Social media use, particularly Instagram, is prominent in this population and exposure to commercial and user-generated content promoting hookah commonly occurs.
aimsThis study tested the effects of hookah tobacco risk messaging for delivery via Instagram as a strategy to offset exposure to content promoting hookah use among young adults.
methodYoung adult hookah smokers were recruited online for a 2 × 3 between-subjects experiment (
resultsThere was a statistically significant main effect of risk message type but no significant main effect of Instagram ad type or risk message type by ad type interactions. Exposure to the graphic risk and risk education messages were associated with lower intentions to engage with hookah tobacco ads on Instagram. Graphic risk and risk education messages produced greater negative emotional response and the graphic messages increased motivation to quit compared with Instagram ads alone. DISCUSSION: Findings provide preliminary evidence that hookah tobacco risk messages delivered via Instagram can offset the influence of content promoting the use of hookah tobacco.
conclusionThis study represents an example of risk message testing and the results suggest the messages warrant further testing via social media delivery.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.