ArticleOpen forum infectious diseases2020
Income Inequality Is Associated With Low Cumulative Antiretroviral Adherence in Persons With Human Immunodeficiency Virus.
Article in Open forum infectious diseases, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed, 7 citations in OpenAlex.
- Life satisfaction mediates advanced maternal age at childbirth and frailty across cohorts.iScience · 2026Article
- Long-Acting Injectable ART in Practice: A Mixed Methods Implementation Study Assessing the Feasibility of Using LAI ART in High Risk Populations and At Alternative Low Barrier Care Sites.AIDS patient care and STDs · 2024Article
- Food Insecurity Is Associated With Low Tenofovir Diphosphate in Dried Blood Spots in South African Persons With HIV.Open forum infectious diseases · 2023Article
- Factors influencing adherence to anti-retroviral therapy in amazonian indigenous people living with HIV/AIDS.BMC public health · 2023Article
- Pathways linking relative deprivation to blood pressure control: the mediating role of depression and medication adherence among Chinese middle-aged and older hypertensive patients.BMC geriatrics · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe adherence biomarker tenofovir diphosphate (TFV-DP) in dried blood spots (DBS) is associated with viral suppression and predicts future viremia. However, its association with social determinants of health (SDoH) in people with human immunodeficiency virus (PWH) remains unknown.
methodsDried blood spots for TFV-DP were longitudinally collected from a clinical cohort of PWH receiving tenofovir disoproxil fumarate-based therapy (up to 3 visits over 48 weeks) residing in 5 Colorado counties. To assign SDoH, zip codes at enrollment were matched with SDoH data from AIDSVu (https://aidsvu.org/). The SDoH included household income, percentage living in poverty, education level, and income inequality (quantified using Gini coefficient, where 0 and 1 represent perfect income equality and inequality, respectively). Log-transformed TFV-DP concentrations were analyzed using a mixed-effects model to estimate percentage change (95% confidence interval) in TFV-DP for every significant change in the SDoH and adjusted for relevant covariates including age, gender, race, estimated glomerular filtration rate, body mass index, hematocrit, CD4
resultsData from 430 PWH totaling 950 person-visits were analyzed. In an adjusted analysis, income inequality was inversely associated with TFV-DP in DBS. For every 0.1 increase in the Gini coefficient, TFV-DP concentrations decreased by 9.2% (-0.5 to -17.1;
conclusionsHigher income inequality was associated with lower cumulative antiretroviral adherence. These findings support the need for further research on how SDoH impact adherence and clinical care.
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Registered trials
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