ArticleFrontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology2020
Front Crawl Is More Efficient and Has Smaller Active Drag Than Backstroke Swimming: Kinematic and Kinetic Comparison Between the Two Techniques at the Same Swimming Speeds.
Article in Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Biomechanical, Physiological and Anthropometric Determinants of Backstroke Swimming Performance: A Systematic Review.Sports medicine - open · 2025Pooled it
- Numerical and experimental methods used to evaluate active drag in swimming: A systematic narrative review.Frontiers in physiology · 2022Pooled it
- Effect of an 8-week technical tethered swimming program on front kinematics in adolescent swimmers.Scientific reports · 2025Trial
- Effect of Unilateral Forearm Amputation on Fluid Torques and Body Roll in Front Crawl Swimming and the Implications for Performance.Medicine and science in sports and exercise · 2026Article
- Accelerometric assessment of fatigue-induced changes in swimming technique in high performance adolescent athletes.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Analysis of the fastest backstroke age group swimmers competing in the World Masters Championships 1986-2024.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Froude Efficiency and Velocity Fluctuation in Forearm-Amputee Front Crawl: Implications for Para Swimming Classification.Medicine and science in sports and exercise · 2023Article
- Relationship between Maximum Force-Velocity Exertion and Swimming Performances among Four Strokes over Medium and Short Distances: The Stronger on Dry Land, the Faster in Water?Journal of functional morphology and kinesiology · 2023Article
- Association between elite swimmers' force production and 100 m front crawl inter-lap pacing and kinematics.Frontiers in sports and active living · 2023Article
- Reliability of the active drag assessment using an isotonic resisted sprint protocol in human swimming.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Velocity Variability and Performance in Backstroke in Elite and Good-Level Swimmers.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Monitoring Master Swimmers' Performance and Active Drag Evolution along a Training Mesocycle.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- Body roll amplitude and timing in backstroke swimming and their differences from front crawl at the same swimming intensities.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- The Relationship Between Selected Load-Velocity Profile Parameters and 50 m Front Crawl Swimming Performance.Frontiers in physiology · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate differences in Froude efficiency (η
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.