ReviewThe World Allergy Organization journal2020
Enhancing innate immunity against virus in times of COVID-19: Trying to untangle facts from fictions.
Review in The World Allergy Organization journal, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 56 citations in OpenAlex.
- Influence of COVID-19 on pediatric immunocompromised children: mechanism and implications for pathogenesis.Virusdisease · 2025Review
- Monocyte to HDL cholesterol ratio predicts obesity-associated cardiac dysfunction.Journal of biomedical research · 2025Article
- Role of toll-like receptors in post-COVID-19 associated neurodegenerative disorders?Frontiers in medicine · 2025Review
- From Legacy to Innovation: Pidotimod's Expanding Therapeutic Horizon.Mediterranean journal of hematology and infectious diseases · 2025Review
- Seven Steps in Seven Days to Managing Allergy in the Tropics.Research and reports in tropical medicine · 2025Article
- Pidotimod in pediatrics: new evidence and future perspectives.Multidisciplinary respiratory medicine · 2024Article
- Interplay between Lung Diseases and Viral Infections: A Comprehensive Review.Microorganisms · 2024Review
- Role of innate immunity in SARS-CoV-2 infection.Biosafety and health · 2023Review
- Aeroallergen immunotherapy associated with reduced risk of severe COVID-19 in 1095 allergic patients.The World Allergy Organization journal · 2023Article
- Can egg yolk antibodies terminate the CSBV infection in apiculture?Virus research · 2023Review
- Diabetes Prevention and Measures to Ensuring a Healthy Lifestyle during COVID-19 Pandemic and after.Korean journal of family medicine · 2023Article
- Developing Forest Therapy Programmes Based on the Health Benefits of Terpenes in Dominant Tree Species in Tara National Park (Serbia).International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Peptides Regulating Proliferative Activity and Inflammatory Pathways in the Monocyte/Macrophage THP-1 Cell Line.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- In Vitro Determination of Inhibitory Effects of Humic Substances Complexing Zn and Se on SARS-CoV-2 Virus Replication.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Leukocyte metabolism in obese type 2 diabetic individuals associated with COVID-19 severity.Frontiers in microbiology · 2022Review
- Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections and Asymptomatic Bacteriuria in Adults.Current bladder dysfunction reports · 2022Review
- Defense mechanism responses to COVID-19.PeerJ · 2022Review
- Dectin-1 Signaling Update: New Perspectives for Trained Immunity.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- Cyclodextrins in the antiviral therapy.Journal of drug delivery science and technology · 2021Review
- Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) as a System-Level Infectious Disease With Distinct Sex Disparities.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors at 7 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionIn light of the current COVID-19 pandemic, during which the world is confronted with a new, highly contagious virus that suppresses innate immunity as one of its initial virulence mechanisms, thus escaping from first-line human defense mechanisms, enhancing innate immunity seems a good preventive strategy.
methodsWithout the intention to write an official systematic review, but more to give an overview of possible strategies, in this review article we discuss several interventions that might stimulate innate immunity and thus our defense against (viral) respiratory tract infections. Some of these interventions can also stimulate the adaptive T- and B-cell responses, but our main focus is on the innate part of immunity. We divide the reviewed interventions into: 1) lifestyle related (exercise, >7 h sleep, forest walking, meditation/mindfulness, vitamin supplementation); 2) Non-specific immune stimulants (letting fever advance, bacterial vaccines, probiotics, dialyzable leukocyte extract, pidotimod), and 3) specific vaccines with heterologous effect (BCG vaccine, mumps-measles-rubeola vaccine, etc).
resultsFor each of these interventions we briefly comment on their definition, possible mechanisms and evidence of clinical efficacy or lack of it, especially focusing on respiratory tract infections, viral infections, and eventually a reduced mortality in severe respiratory infections in the intensive care unit. At the end, a summary table demonstrates the best trials supporting (or not) clinical evidence.
conclusionSeveral interventions have some degree of evidence for enhancing the innate immune response and thus conveying possible benefit, but specific trials in COVID-19 should be conducted to support solid recommendations.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.