ReviewThe American journal of emergency medicine2020
Acute chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine toxicity: A review for emergency clinicians.
Review in The American journal of emergency medicine, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 44 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
44 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 83 citations in OpenAlex.
- Systematic review and meta-analysis of ivermectin for treatment of COVID-19: evidence beyond the hype.BMC infectious diseases · 2022Pooled it
- Unc-51 like kinase 3 (ULK3) contributes to autophagy and cell survival in multiple myeloma.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Antiviral Activity of Essential Oil fromMolecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Tumor Lipidomic Changes after Treatment with Polymeric Hydroxychloroquine in a Syngeneic Murine Model of Pancreatic Cancer.ACS omega · 2026Article
- How Can Pharmacology Help Us Overcome the Challenges of Drug Repositioning as Antivirals to Treat Emerging Pathogens? The Example of Covid-19.Clinical and translational science · 2026Review
- Renal potassium wasting from hydroxychloroquine at therapeutic doses: a case report.BMC nephrology · 2026Article
- Mitigating Hydroxychloroquine-Induced Oxidative Liver Damage: The Roles of Adenosine Triphosphate, Liv-52, and Their Combination in Rats.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- The effect of Hippophae rhamnoides on Hydroxychloroquine-Induced stomatitis in rats.BMC complementary medicine and therapies · 2025Article
- Critical care management of the patient with pharmaceutical poisoning.Intensive care medicine · 2025Review
- Protective effect of adenosine triphosphate against hydroxychloroquine ototoxicity in rats.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Integrating Chemo- and Bioinformatics withJournal of chemical information and modeling · 2025Article
- A Case Series and Review of Hydroxychloroquine Toxicity and Monitoring: How Do We Dose Hydroxychloroquine?Cureus · 2025Article
- Article
- Recovery of Lysosomal Acidification and Autophagy Flux by Attapulgite Nanorods: Therapeutic Potential for Lysosomal Disorders.Biomolecules · 2025Article
- Chloroquine Inhibits Contraction Elicited by the Alpha-1 Adrenoceptor Agonist Phenylephrine in the Isolated Rat Aortas.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Prognostic Value of PSMB5 and Correlations with LC3II and Reactive Oxygen Species Levels in the Bone Marrow Mononuclear Cells of Bortezomib-Resistant Multiple Myeloma Patients.Current issues in molecular biology · 2025Article
- Innate immune and endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response pathways protectJournal of biosciences · 2025Article
- Azathioprine and hydroxychloroquine overdose in Sjögren's syndrome patient with hypocalcemia: a case report.Journal of medical case reports · 2024Article
- Integrating Nanotechnological Advancements of Disease-Modifying Anti-Rheumatic Drugs into Rheumatoid Arthritis Management.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- New Onset Seizures in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients; A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.The Neurohospitalist · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundAcute chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine toxicity is characterized by a combination of direct cardiovascular effects and electrolyte derangements with resultant dysrhythmias and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality.
objectiveThis review describes acute chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine toxicity, outlines the complex pathophysiologic derangements, and addresses the emergency department (ED) management of this patient population. DISCUSSION: Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine are aminoquinoline derivatives widely used in the treatment of rheumatologic diseases including systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis as well as for malaria prophylaxis. In early 2020, anecdotal reports and preliminary data suggested utility of hydroxychloroquine in attenuating viral loads and symptoms in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Aminoquinoline drugs pose unique and significant toxicological risks, both during their intended use as well as in unsupervised settings by laypersons. The therapeutic range for chloroquine is narrow. Acute severe toxicity is associated with 10-30% mortality owing to a combination of direct cardiovascular effects and electrolyte derangements with resultant dysrhythmias. Treatment in the ED is focused on decontamination, stabilization of cardiac dysrhythmias, hemodynamic support, electrolyte correction, and seizure prevention.
conclusionsAn understanding of the pathophysiology of acute chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine toxicity and available emergency treatments can assist emergency clinicians in reducing the immediate morbidity and mortality associated with this disease.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
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