ArticleDevelopment and psychopathology2022
Generalist genes and specialist environments for adolescent internalizing and externalizing problems: A test of severity and directionality.
Article in Development and psychopathology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed.
- Multivariate maternal effects across the internalizing-externalizing spectrum in childhood: results from the Norwegian mother, father, and child cohort study.Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines · 2026Article
- Prenatal smoking and child psychopathology associations by age and sex in the ECHO cohort.Development and psychopathology · 2026Article
- Lability in parent-child warmth and hostility and adolescent externalizing behaviors.Developmental psychology · 2025Article
- Intergenerational transmission of comorbid internalizing and externalizing psychopathology at age 11: Evidence from an adoption design for general transmission of comorbidity rather than homotypic transmission.Development and psychopathology · 2025Article
- Article
- Intergenerational transmission of psychopathology: An examination of symptom severity and directionality.Development and psychopathology · 2022Article
- A broad internalizing dimension accounts for the genetic associations between personality and individual internalizing disorders.Journal of psychopathology and clinical science · 2022Article
- Article
- The Effect of Smoking during Pregnancy on Severity and Directionality of Externalizing and Internalizing Symptoms: A Genetically Informed Approach.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Article
- Developmental trajectories of behavioral inhibition from infancy to age seven: The role of genetic and environmental risk for psychopathology.Child developmentArticle
- Developmental Language Disorder and Psychopathology: Disentangling Shared Genetic and Environmental Influences.Journal of learning disabilitiesArticle
Corrections and comments
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2 authors.
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Abstract
The generalist genes specialist environment model, when applied to developmental psychopathology, predicts that genetic influences should explain variance that is shared across internalizing and externalizing problems, whereas environmental influences should explain variance that distinguishes the two overarching problem types. The present study is a direct test of this hypothesis, leveraging a sample of 708 twins and siblings (aged 10-18 years, 93% White) from the United States. Measures of severity of symptoms, regardless of type, and of directionality of symptoms - whether the adolescent tended to exhibit more externalizing or internalizing problems - were subjected to genetic (A), shared environmental (C), and nonshared environmental (E) (ACE) variance decompositions. As expected, severity of problems was under substantial genetic influence, but there were also significant shared and nonshared environmental influences. Contrary to the generalist genes specialist environment model, directionality of problem type was also under considerable genetic influence, with modest nonshared environmental influence. Findings corroborate existing evidence from other designs highlighting the role of familial influences (including generalist genes) in comorbidity of adolescent internalizing and externalizing problems, but suggest that the specialist environments hypothesis may not be the key factor in distinguishing problem type.
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