Trial reportBlood2021
Incidence, risk factors, and outcomes of venous and arterial thromboembolism in immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy.
Trial report in Blood, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 131 papers, 7 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
131 citing papers in PubMed, 7 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 217 citations in OpenAlex.
- Baseline D-dimer as a predictor of immune checkpoint inhibitor efficacy in cancer.Annals of medicine · 2026Pooled it
- Synergistic effects of anticoagulants and platelet aggregation inhibitors with immune checkpoint inhibitors in cancer therapy: a comprehensive review of preclinical and clinical evidence.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2026Pooled it
- The Cardiotoxicity Risk of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Compared with Chemotherapy: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Observational Studies.Cardiovascular toxicology · 2025Pooled it
- Incidence and risk factors of VTE in lung cancer: a meta-analysis.Annals of medicine · 2024Pooled it
- Risk of Incident Venous Thromboembolism Among Patients With Bullous Pemphigoid or Pemphigus Vulgaris: A Nationwide Cohort Study With Meta-Analysis.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2023Pooled it
- Extended anticoagulation treatment for cancer-associated thrombosis-Rates of recurrence and bleeding beyond 6 months: A systematic review.Journal of thrombosis and haemostasis : JTH · 2022Pooled it
- Associations Between Immune-Related Venous Thromboembolism and Efficacy of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Clinical and applied thrombosis/hemostasis : official journal of the International Academy of Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/HemostasisPooled it
- The Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Journey: From Early Promise to Lasting Impact.Journal of immunotherapy and precision oncology · 2026Review
- The Cancer Immunotherapy Thromboembolism Assessment: A Novel Score for Predicting Thromboembolic Events in Melanoma Patients Treated With Immune Checkpoint Inhibition.International journal of cancer · 2026Article
- Enhancing venous thromboembolism risk prediction after immunotherapy for lung cancer.iScience · 2026Article
- Systemic Inflammation and Risk of Thromboembolism, Mortality, and Treatment Response in Patients With Cancer Receiving Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors.European journal of clinical investigation · 2026Article
- The COMPASS-CAT risk assessment model for predicting in-hospital venous thromboembolism in patients with breast, lung, colorectal, and ovarian cancer: A retrospective cohort study.The Journal of international medical research · 2026Article
- Venous thromboembolism and bleeding in advanced melanoma: a propensity-matched cohort analysis comparing first-line immunotherapy and targeted therapy.Research and practice in thrombosis and haemostasis · 2026Article
- Venous thromboembolism risk in sarcoma patients receiving combined immune checkpoint inhibitors and VEGF pathway inhibitors: a real-world cohort study.Translational cancer research · 2026Article
- Article
- Non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis and intraventricular small-vessel thromboembolic occlusion mimicking immune checkpoint inhibitor myocarditis in a patient treated with pembrolizumab: a case report.European heart journal. Case reports · 2026Article
- Cancer-Associated Thrombosis in Patients Treated with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Impact of Chemotherapy and Anticancer Agent Type on 30-Day All-Cause In-Hospital Mortality of Venous Thromboembolism Patients With Cancer in Japan.Circulation reports · 2026Article
- Understanding Cardio-Oncology: A Survey-Based Study Conducted by the Heart Failure Association of the Polish Cardiac Society and the Polish Society of Clinical Oncology.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Bidirectional regulatory mechanisms and therapeutic prospects of tumor hypercoagulable state and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment.Oncology reviews · 2026Review
71 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) and arterial thromboembolism (ATE) associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors is currently unclear. Our aim was to quantify the risk of VTE/ATE in patients with cancer treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors, explore clinical impact, and investigate potential clinical risk factors. Patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors at the Medical University of Vienna from 2015 to 2018 were identified using in-house pharmacy records (n = 672; most frequent entities: 30.4% melanoma, 24.1% non-small cell lung cancer; 86% stage IV disease). A retrospective chart review was performed to screen for VTE and/or ATE. Cumulative incidences and between-group differences were estimated in competing-risk analysis. The impact of VTE/ATE on mortality was studied by multistate modelling. Over a median follow-up of 8.5 months, 47 VTEs and 9 ATEs were observed. Cumulative incidences of VTE and ATE were 12.9% (95% confidence interval [CI], 8.2-18.5) and 1.8% (95% CI, 0.7-3.6). Occurrence of VTE was associated with increased mortality (transition hazard ratio, 3.09; 95% CI, 2.07-4.60). History of VTE predicted VTE occurrence (subdistribution hazard ratio [SHR], 3.69; 95% CI, 2.00-6.81), and distant metastasis was nonsignificantly associated with VTE risk (SHR, 1.71; 95% CI, 0.62-4.73). No association of VTE with Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status, Charlson comorbidity index, or Khorana score was observed, and rates of VTE were comparable between tumor types and checkpoint-inhibitory agents. In conclusion, patients with cancer under immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy are at high risk of thromboembolism, especially VTE. Furthermore, VTE occurrence was associated with increased mortality.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.