ArticlemBio2020
SARS-CoV-2 Is Restricted by Zinc Finger Antiviral Protein despite Preadaptation to the Low-CpG Environment in Humans.
Article in mBio, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 96 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
96 citing papers in PubMed, 154 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effect of inhaled interferon-β1a on SARS-CoV-2 diversity and evolution.Microbiology spectrum · 2026Trial
- A feline coronavirus nucleocapsid protein disrupts ZC3HAV1-viral RNA association to counteract host RNA-level restriction.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- Synergistic antiviral effects of structure-guided peptides and a mutagenic base analog on SARS-CoV-2 replication.Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2026Article
- Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus antagonizes the host restriction factor SHFL to sustain viral programmed ribosomal frameshifting and replication.Journal of virology · 2026Article
- The ISG Atlas: a loss-of-function analysis characterizes antiviral properties of interferon stimulated genes.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Lycorine Derivative Inhibits SARS-CoV-2 Replication by Reducing -1 Programmed Ribosomal Frameshifting via Targeting ZAP.MedComm · 2026Article
- Differences in codon usage between host-species-specific rabies virus clades are driven by non-GC3 nucleotide composition.Virus evolution · 2026Article
- SARS-CoV-2 innate immune recognition and implications for respiratory health.Cytokine & growth factor reviews · 2025Review
- HIV-2 evades restriction by ZAP through adaptations in the U3 LTR region despite increased CpG levels.Nucleic acids research · 2025Article
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- The Human Monkeypox Virus and Host Immunity: Emerging Diagnostic and Therapeutic Challenges.Infectious disorders drug targets · 2025Review
- How Trustworthy Are the Genomic Sequences of SARS-CoV-2 in GenBank?Microorganisms · 2024Article
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- A Gaussia luciferase reporter assay for the evaluation of coronavirus Nsp5/3CLpro activity.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Differential Selection for Translation Efficiency Shapes Translation Machineries in Bacterial Species.Microorganisms · 2024Article
- Versatility of the Zinc-Finger Antiviral Protein (ZAP) As a Modulator of Viral Infections.International journal of biological sciences · 2024Review
- Mutational signature dynamics indicate SARS-CoV-2's evolutionary capacity is driven by host antiviral molecules.PLoS computational biology · 2024Article
- A Genetic Circuit Design for Targeted Viral RNA Degradation.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Type I interferon signaling induces a delayed antiproliferative response in respiratory epithelial cells during SARS-CoV-2 infection.Journal of virology · 2023Article
36 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Recent evidence shows that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is sensitive to interferons (IFNs). However, the most effective types of IFNs and the underlying antiviral effectors remain to be defined. Here, we show that zinc finger antiviral protein (ZAP), which preferentially targets CpG dinucleotides in viral RNA sequences, restricts SARS-CoV-2. We further demonstrate that ZAP and its cofactors KHNYN and TRIM25 are expressed in human lung cells. Type I, II, and III IFNs all strongly inhibited SARS-CoV-2 and further induced ZAP expression. Comprehensive sequence analyses revealed that SARS-CoV-2 and its closest relatives from horseshoe bats showed the strongest CpG suppression among all known human and bat coronaviruses, respectively. Nevertheless, endogenous ZAP expression restricted SARS-CoV-2 replication in human lung cells, particularly upon treatment with IFN-α or IFN-γ. Both the long and the short isoforms of human ZAP reduced SARS-CoV-2 RNA expression levels, but the former did so with greater efficiency. Finally, we show that the ability to restrict SARS-CoV-2 is conserved in ZAP orthologues of the reservoir bat and potential intermediate pangolin hosts of human coronaviruses. Altogether, our results show that ZAP is an important effector of the innate response against SARS-CoV-2, although this pandemic pathogen emerged from zoonosis of a coronavirus that was preadapted to the low-CpG environment in humans.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.