Trial reportJournal for immunotherapy of cancer2020
Axitinib plus avelumab in the treatment of recurrent glioblastoma: a stratified, open-label, single-center phase 2 clinical trial (GliAvAx).
Trial report in Journal for immunotherapy of cancer, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 36 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
36 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 55 citations in OpenAlex.
- Receptor tyrosine kinase targeted therapies in glioblastoma: a systematic review.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Pooled it
- Advancements and challenges: immunotherapy therapy in high-grade glioma - a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.Journal of neuro-oncology · 2024Pooled it
- Glioblastoma Immunotherapy: A Systematic Review of the Present Strategies and Prospects for Advancements.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Pooled it
- Objective response rate targets for recurrent glioblastoma clinical trials based on the historic association between objective response rate and median overall survival.Neuro-oncology · 2023Pooled it
- Emerging trends and thematic evolution of immunotherapy for glioma based on the top 100 cited articles.Frontiers in oncology · 2023Pooled it
- The efficacy and safety of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 in treatment of glioma: a single-arm meta-analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Pooled it
- Circulating Immune Cell and Outcome Analysis from the Phase II Study of PD-L1 Blockade with Durvalumab for Newly Diagnosed and Recurrent Glioblastoma.Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research · 2022Trial
- The microenvironment of glioblastoma: in pursuit of universal multimodal immunotherapy.Acta neurologica Belgica · 2026Review
- Current evidence and challenges of multitarget anti-angiogenic agents for glioblastoma: Results from clinical trials.iScience · 2025Review
- Article
- Review
- A Review of FDA-Approved Multi-Target Angiogenesis Drugs for Brain Tumor Therapy.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Intracranial administration of anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4 immune checkpoint-blocking monoclonal antibodies in patients with recurrent high-grade glioma.Neuro-oncology · 2024Article
- Glioblastoma Therapy: Past, Present and Future.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- From signalling pathways to targeted therapies: unravelling glioblastoma's secrets and harnessing two decades of progress.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2023Review
- Review
- Review
- Antiangiogenic Therapy for Malignant Brain Tumors: Does It Still Matter?Current oncology reports · 2023Review
- Review
- Low-Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound-Mediated Blood-Brain Barrier Opening Increases Anti-Programmed Death-Ligand 1 Delivery and Efficacy in Gl261 Mouse Model.Pharmaceutics · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
14 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundNo treatment demonstrated to improve survival in patients with recurrent glioblastoma (rGB) in a randomized trial. Combining axitinib with the programmed cell death ligand 1 blocking monoclonal antibody avelumab may result in synergistic activity against rGB.
methodsAdult patients with rGB following prior surgery, radiation therapy and temozolomide chemotherapy were stratified according to their baseline use of corticosteroids. Patients with a daily dose of ≤8 mg of methylprednisolone (or equivalent) initiated treatment with axitinib (5 mg oral two times per day) plus avelumab (10 mg/kg intravenous every 2 weeks) (Cohort-1). Patients with a higher baseline corticosteroid dose initiated axitinib monotherapy; avelumab was added after 6 weeks of therapy if the corticosteroid dose could be tapered to ≤8 mg of methylprednisolone (Cohort-2). Progression-free survival at 6 months (6-m-PFS%), per immunotherapy response assessment for neuro-oncology criteria, served as the primary endpoint.
resultsBetween June 2017 and August 2018, 54 patients (27 per cohort) were enrolled and initiated study treatment (median age: 55 years; 63% male; 91% Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status 0-1). Seventeen (63%) patients treated in Cohort-2 received at least one dose of avelumab. The 6-m-PFS% was 22.2% (95% CI 6.5% to 37.9%) and 18.5% (95% CI 3.8% to 33.2%) in Cohort-1 and Cohort-2, respectively; median overall survival was 26.6 weeks (95% CI 20.8 to 32.4) in Cohort-1 and 18.0 weeks (95% CI 12.5 to 23.5) in Cohort-2. The best objective response rate was 33.3% and 22.2% in Cohort-1 and Cohort-2, respectively, with a median duration of response of 17.9 and 19.0 weeks. The most frequent treatment-related adverse events were dysphonia (67%), lymphopenia (50%), arterial hypertension and diarrhea (both 48%). There were no grade 5 adverse events.
conclusionThe combination of avelumab plus axitinib has an acceptable toxicity profile but did not meet the prespecified threshold for activity justifying further investigation of this treatment in an unselected population of patients with rGB.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.