SynthesisBMJ open2020
Impact of incarceration on cardiovascular disease risk factors: a systematic review and meta-regression on weight and BMI change.
Synthesis in BMJ open, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 39 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prevalence of overweight and obesity in incarcerated individuals in developed and developing countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity · 2025Pooled it
- Presentation, management and outcomes of incarcerated patients presenting to the emergency department.Irish journal of medical science · 2026Article
- Plasma levels of zinc, selenium, and copper among incarcerated men in Switzerland.International journal of public health · 2026Article
- The Contribution of Yoga to the Psychosocial Rehabilitation and Social Reintegration of Incarcerated Individuals: A Systematic Review.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Cardiovascular Death and Access to Health Care Among Individuals Incarcerated in US State Prisons From 2001 to 2019.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2025Article
- Cardiovascular Mortality in Incarcerated Populations: An Example of Health Inequalities Within Health Inequalities.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2025Article
- Health Profiles of Inmates: A Cross-Sectional Study of Prevalent Diseases in a Central Italian Prison.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Burden of diabetes in correctional facilities: A global systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of clinical & translational endocrinology · 2025Article
- Carceral Health Care.The New England journal of medicine · 2025Review
- Enduring Inequality in Diabetes and Hypertension Management in Thai Prisons: A Qualitative Study.Journal of patient experience · 2025Article
- Physical Activity and Associated Factors among Brazilian Adult Inmates: A Cross-Sectional Study.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2024Observational
- Associations Between Incarceration History and Risk of Hypertension and Hyperglycemia: Consideration of Differences among Black, Hispanic, Asian and White Subgroups.Journal of general internal medicine · 2024Article
- Risk for imbalanced blood pressure pattern among incarcerated women: Middle-Range Theory.Revista brasileira de enfermagem · 2024Article
- Review
- Assessment of Nutritional Status and Health Perception among Male Inmates in Israeli Prisons.Nutrients · 2023Article
- Examining the Health-Related Needs of Females during Menopause: A Systematic Review Study.Journal of menopausal medicine · 2023Review
- Diabetes in the context of incarceration: A scoping review.EClinicalMedicine · 2023Article
- Assessment of Satisfaction with Health Services among Prisoners-Descriptive Study.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Association between incarceration and incident cardiovascular disease events: results from the CARDIA cohort study.BMC public health · 2021Article
- Systematic hypertension screening and follow-up attrition in Thai prisons: A cross-sectional study.The journal of medicine accessArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveCardiovascular disease is an underappreciated issue in prison medicine. Recent studies have revealed a higher prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk factors (CVDRFs) among individuals in prison, but the impact of incarceration on CVDRFs over time is not well understood. This review aimed to assess available literature and quantify the relationship between incarceration and trends in major CVDRFs in high-income countries.
designSystematic review following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement. Meta-regression on weight change and obesity. DATA SOURCES: Medline, Embase, PubMed, Cochrane Central Wiley and Web of Science. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR SELECTING STUDIES: Longitudinal studies reporting on the incidence of, or trends in any CVDRF among current or former people in prison over time, in high-income countries. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: Two authors independently screened articles for eligibility, extracted data and assessed quality using an adapted version of the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Trends in CVDRFs during and following incarceration were summarised and in those with sufficient data a meta-regression was performed.
resultsTwenty-six articles were identified. CVDRFs assessed included obesity, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidaemia, tobacco use, physical inactivity and unhealthy diet. A meta-regression on change in weight during incarceration found a mean increase of 5.3 kg (95% CI 0.5 to 10.1) and change in body mass index of 1.8 kg/m
conclusionPossible explanations for the association between incarceration and weight include a sedentary lifestyle, unhealthy diet, forced smoking cessation, psychotropic medication use and high levels of stress. Incarceration may be an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.