ArticleInternational journal of environmental research and public health2020
Survival and Estimation of Direct Medical Costs of Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Article in International journal of environmental research and public health, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 46 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
46 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 96 citations in OpenAlex.
- The global economic burden of COVID-19 disease: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis.Systematic reviews · 2024Pooled it
- Costs of inpatient care and out-of-pocket payments for COVID-19 patients: A systematic review.PloS one · 2023Pooled it
- Economic costs related to coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic: A systematic literature review.Science progressPooled it
- The economic impact of COVID-19: a comparative cost analysis of ICU hospitalizations before and during the pandemic.Clinics (Sao Paulo, Brazil) · 2026Article
- Estimating the direct medical cost of illness of COVID-19 hospitalisations in Kuwait: efficiency trade-offs from real-world data analysis.Health economics review · 2025Article
- Direct medical cost of adult Covid-19 ınpatients and ıts determinants at a university hospital.PloS one · 2025Article
- The financial burden of SARS-CoV-2 pregnancies in a tertiary exclusive COVID-19 maternity.Journal of medicine and life · 2024Observational
- COVID-19 and Acute Myocardial Infarction: Exploring Clinical Factors and Treatment Expenditures.The journal of Tehran Heart Center · 2024Article
- The economic burden of viral severe acute respiratory infections in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: A nationwide cost-of-illness study.IJID regions · 2024Article
- Cost of illness studies in COVID-19: a scoping review.Cost effectiveness and resource allocation : C/E · 2024Article
- Mechanical ventilation as a major driver of COVID-19 hospitalization costs: a costing study in a German setting.Health economics review · 2024Article
- The Economic Burden of the COVID-19 Pandemic in State of Kuwait.ClinicoEconomics and outcomes research : CEOR · 2024Article
- Economic burden due to COVID-19 in a Colombian Caribbean state, 2020 and 2021.Epidemiologia e servicos de saude : revista do Sistema Unico de Saude do Brasil · 2024Article
- Assessment of Direct Medical Cost of Hospitalized COVID-19 Adult Patients in Kuwait During the First Wave of the Pandemic.ClinicoEconomics and outcomes research : CEOR · 2024Article
- Cost of in-patient management of COVID-19 patients in a general hospital in Kuwait.BMC health services research · 2023Article
- Factors Affecting the Length of Stay in the Intensive Care Unit among Adults in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Article
- Economic Burden of ICU-Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Cureus · 2023Review
- Cost Analysis of Hospitalization for COVID-19 in a Brazilian Public Teaching Hospital.Value in health regional issues · 2023Article
- Predictors of Mortality Among Children with Confirmed and Suspected Cases of COVID-19 in East Java, Indonesia.Journal of multidisciplinary healthcare · 2023Article
- Clinical Outcomes and Direct Medical Expenditures Associated With Intensive Care Unit Admission for Inpatients With COVID-19 in Jordan: A Retrospective Cohort Study.Value in health regional issues · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
7 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesAssess the survival of hospitalized coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients across age groups, sex, use of mechanical ventilators (MVs), nationality, and intensive care unit (ICU) admission in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
methodsData were retrieved from the Saudi Ministry of Health (MoH) between 1 March and 29 May 2020. Kaplan-Meier (KM) analyses and multiple Cox proportional-hazards regression were conducted to assess the survival of hospitalized COVID-19 patients from hospital admission to discharge (censored) or death. Micro-costing was used to estimate the direct medical costs associated with hospitalization per patient.
resultsThe number of included patients with complete status (discharge or death) was 1422. The overall 14-day survival was 0.699 (95%CI: 0.652-0.741). Older adults (>70 years) (HR = 5.00, 95%CI = 2.83-8.91), patients on MVs (5.39, 3.83-7.64), non-Saudi patients (1.37, 1.01-1.89), and ICU admission (2.09, 1.49-2.93) were associated with a high risk of mortality. The mean cost per patient (in SAR) for those admitted to the general Medical Ward (GMW) and ICU was 42,704.49 ± 29,811.25 and 79,418.30 ± 55,647.69, respectively.
conclusionThe high hospitalization costs for COVID-19 patients represents a significant public health challenge. Efficient allocation of healthcare resources cannot be emphasized enough.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.