Observational studyGraefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie2020
Sex judgment using color fundus parameters in elementary school students.
Observational study in Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 9 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association between fundus sex index and hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and smoking in the Kumejima study.Japanese journal of ophthalmology · 2026Observational
- Distribution of axial length in Japanese children and adolescents aged 4 to 19 years.Japanese journal of ophthalmology · 2026Observational
- Refractive error and axial length prediction using fundus parameters of normal eyes in the Kumejima population study.Japanese journal of ophthalmology · 2025Observational
- Age prediction using fundus parameters of normal eyes from the Kumejima population study.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2024Article
- Relationship between fundus sex index obtained using color fundus parameters and body height or axial length in the Kumejima population.Japanese journal of ophthalmology · 2024Observational
- Sex determination using color fundus parameters in older adults of Kumejima population study.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2023Article
- Three-year changes in sex judgment using color fundus parameters in elementary school students.PloS one · 2023Observational
- Article
- Intraocular Temperature at Different Sites in Eye Measured at the Beginning of Vitreous Surgery.Journal of clinical medicine · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposesRecently, artificial intelligence has been used to determine sex using fundus photographs alone. We had earlier reported that sex can be distinguished using known factors obtained from color fundus photography (CFP) in adult eyes. However, it is not clear when the sex difference in fundus parameters begins. Therefore, we conducted this study to investigate sex determination based on fundus parameters using binominal logistic regression in elementary school students.
methodsThis prospective observational cross-sectional study was conducted on 119 right eyes of elementary school students (aged 8 or 9 years, 59 boys and 60 girls). Through CFP, the tessellation fundus index was calculated as R/(R + G + B) using the mean value of red-green-blue intensity in the eight locations around the optic disc. Optic disc ovality ratio, papillomacular angle, retinal artery trajectory, and retinal vessel were quantified based on our earlier reports. Regularized binomial logistic regression was applied to these variables to select the decisive factors. Furthermore, its discriminative performance was evaluated using the leave-one-out cross-validation method. Sex difference in the parameters was assessed using the Mann-Whitney U test.
resultsThe optimal model yielded by the Ridge binomial logistic regression suggested that the ovality ratio of girls was significantly smaller, whereas their nasal green and blue intensities were significantly higher, than those of boys. Using this approach, the area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve was 63.2%.
conclusionsAlthough sex can be distinguished using CFP even in elementary school students, the discrimination accuracy was relatively low. Some sex difference in the ocular fundus may begin after the age of 10 years.
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