Evidence map›Paper›PMID 33060296›Full record

ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2020

The anomalies and criticality of liquid water.

Rui Shi, Hajime Tanaka

Open access · greenAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
24citing papers in PubMed
4.9field-weighted citation impact, top 3% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

24 citing papers in PubMed, 93 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Article
  2. Assessing Order in Liquid, Supercooled, and Crystalline Water.The journal of physical chemistry. B · 2026
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  6. Direct observation of liquid-liquid phase coexistence in deeply supercooled water using an accurate polarizable multipole model.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026
    Article
  7. Review
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  11. Structural Origin of Dynamic Heterogeneity in Supercooled Liquids.The journal of physical chemistry. B · 2025
    Review
  12. Article
  13. Evidence of ferroelectric features in low-density supercooled water from ab initio deep neural-network simulations.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2024
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  14. Review
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

2 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.

Rui ShiDepartment of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.ORCID 0000-0002-0411-3067
Hajime TanakaDepartment of Fundamental Engineering, Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan tanaka@iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp.ORCID 0000-0002-4444-1890
The University of Tokyo · JP

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The origin of water's anomalies has been a matter of long-standing debate. A two-state model, dating back to Röntgen, relies on the dynamical coexistence of two types of local structures-locally favored tetrahedral structure (LFTS) and disordered normal-liquid structure (DNLS)-in liquid water. Phenomenologically, this model not only explains water's thermodynamic anomalies but also can rationalize the existence of a liquid-liquid critical point (LLCP) if there is a cooperative formation of LFTS. We recently found direct evidence for the coexistence of LFTS and DNLS in the experimental structure factor of liquid water. However, the existence of the LLCP and its impact on water's properties has remained elusive, leaving the origin of water's anomalies unclear. Here we propose a unique strategy to locate the LLCP of liquid water. First, we make a comprehensive analysis of a large set of experimental structural, thermodynamic, and dynamic data based on our hierarchical two-state model. This model predicts that the two thermodynamic and dynamical fluctuation maxima lines should cross at the LLCP if it exists, which we confirm by hundred-microsecond simulations for model waters. Based on recent experimental results of the compressibility and diffusivity measurements in the no man's land, we reveal that the two lines cross around 184 K and 173 MPa for real water, suggesting the presence of the LLCP around there. Nevertheless, we find that the criticality is almost negligible in the experimentally accessible region of liquid water because it is too far from the LLCP. Our findings would provide a clue to settle the long-standing debate.

Indexed as

critical pointdynamical fluctuationsliquid–liquid transitiontwo-state modelwater’s anomalies

Identifiers

PMID33060296
PMCPMC7959589
OpenAlexW3093044107

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.