Evidence map›Paper›PMID 33058866›Full record

ArticleGastroenterology2021

Identifying Novel Susceptibility Genes for Colorectal Cancer Risk From a Transcriptome-Wide Association Study of 125,478 Subjects.

Xingyi Guo, Weiqiang Lin, Wanqing Wen, Jeroen Huyghe, Stephanie Bien, Qiuyin Cai, Tabitha Harrison, Zhishan Chen, Conghui Qu, Jiandong Bao and 77 more

Registry-linked trialOpen access · greenAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Gastroenterology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT02328677 (ColoCare Transdisciplinary Research in Colorectal Cancer Prognosis), which is not on this map. Cited by 46 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
46citing papers in PubMed, 2 pooled it
5.4field-weighted citation impact, top 3% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT02328677 recruitingnot on this map

ColoCare Transdisciplinary Research in Colorectal Cancer Prognosis

TypeobservationalSponsorUniversity of UtahRan2007 to 2030Enrolled5,000ConditionsColorectal Cancer
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

46 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 62 citations in OpenAlex.

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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

87 authors at 20 institutions in 14 countries.

Xingyi GuoDivision of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee. Electronic address: xingyi.guo@vumc.org.
Weiqiang LinThe Kidney Disease Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
Wanqing WenDivision of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee.
Jeroen HuygheDivision of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington.
Stephanie BienDivision of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington.
Qiuyin CaiDivision of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee.
Tabitha HarrisonDivision of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington.
Zhishan ChenDivision of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee.
Conghui QuDivision of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington.
Jiandong BaoDivision of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee.
Jirong LongDivision of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee.
Yuan YuanThe Kidney Disease Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
Fangqin WangThe Kidney Disease Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
Mengqiu BaiThe Kidney Disease Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
Goncalo R AbecasisDepartment of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
Demetrius AlbanesDivision of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
Sonja I BerndtDivision of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
Stéphane BézieauService de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Nantes, France.
D Timothy BishopLeeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.
Hermann BrennerDivision of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Preventive Oncology, German Cancer Research Center and National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany.
Stephan BuchDepartment of Medicine I, University Hospital Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
Andrea Burnett-HartmanInstitute for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Denver, Colorado.
Peter T CampbellBehavioral and Epidemiology Research Group, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, Georgia.
Sergi Castellví-BelGastroenterology Department, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
Andrew T ChanDivision of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
Jenny Chang-ClaudeDivision of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany; University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, University Cancer Centre Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.
Stephen J ChanockDivision of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
Sang Hee ChoDepartment of Hematology-Oncology, Chonnam National University Hospital, Hwasun, South Korea.
David V ContiDepartment of Preventive Medicine and University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.
Albert de la ChapelleDepartment of Cancer Biology and Genetics and the Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
Edith J M FeskensDivision of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
Steven J GallingerLunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Graham G GilesCancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Phyllis J GoodmanSWOG Statistical Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington.
Andrea GsurInstitute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
Mark GuinterBehavioral and Epidemiology Research Group, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, Georgia.
Marc J GunterNutrition and Metabolism Section, International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon, France.
Jochen HampeDepartment of Medicine I, University Hospital Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
Heather HampelDivision of Human Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio.
Richard B HayesDivision of Epidemiology, Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York.
Michael HoffmeisterDivision of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.
Ellen KampmanDivision of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
Hyun Min KangDepartment of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
Temitope O KekuCenter for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
Hyeong Rok KimDepartment of Surgery, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital and Medical School, Hwasun, Korea.
Loic Le MarchandUniversity of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii.
Soo Chin LeeNational University Cancer Institute, Singapore; Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
Christopher I LiDivision of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington.
Li LiDepartment of Family Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia.
Annika LindblomDepartment of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
Noralane LindorHealth Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona.
Roger L MilneCancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Victor MorenoOncology Data Analytics Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology-IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain.
Neil MurphyBehavioral and Epidemiology Research Group, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, Georgia.
Polly A NewcombDivision of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington; School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
Deborah A NickersonDepartment of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
Kenneth OffitClinical Genetics Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York; Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York.
Rachel PearlmanDivision of Human Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio.
Paul D P PharoahDepartment of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Elizabeth A PlatzDepartment of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland.
John D PotterDivision of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington.
Gad RennertDepartment of Community Medicine and Epidemiology, Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel; Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
Lori C SakodaDivision of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington; Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California.
Clemens SchafmayerDepartment of General Surgery, University Hospital Rostock, Rostock, Germany.
Stephanie L SchmitDepartment of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida.
Robert E SchoenDepartment of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
Fredrick R SchumacherDepartment of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.
Martha L SlatteryDepartment of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.
Yu-Ru SuDivision of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington.
Catherine M TangenSWOG Statistical Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington.
Cornelia M UlrichHuntsman Cancer Institute and Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.
Franzel J B van DuijnhovenDivision of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
Bethany Van GuelpenDepartment of Radiation Sciences, Oncology Unit, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
Kala VisvanathanDepartment of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland.
Pavel VodickaDepartment of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
Ludmila VodickovaDepartment of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
Veronika VymetalkovaDepartment of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
Xiaoliang WangDivision of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington.
Emily WhiteDivision of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington; Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, Washington.
Alicja WolkInstitute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
Michael O WoodsMemorial University of Newfoundland, Discipline of Genetics, St John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada.
Graham CaseyCenter for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia.
Li HsuDivision of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington.
Mark A JenkinsCentre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Stephen B GruberDepartment of Preventive Medicine and University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.
Ulrike PetersDivision of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington; Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, Washington.
Wei ZhengDivision of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee.
Fred Hutch Cancer Center · USVanderbilt University · USUniversity of Washington · USZhejiang University · CNAmerican Cancer Society · USCzech Academy of Sciences · CZNational Institutes of Health · USThe Ohio State University · USThe University of Melbourne · AUWageningen University & Research · NLGerman Cancer Research Center · DEJohns Hopkins University · USKaiser Permanente · USTechnische Universität Dresden · DEUniversity of Michigan · USUniversity of Southern California · USUniversity of Utah · USUniversity of Virginia · USBrigham and Women's Hospital · USCase Western Reserve University · US

Funding

X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHYP30CA008748 · NCI · SLOAN-KETTERING INSTITUTE FOR CANCER RES · PI Hongbiao Carl Lekaye · 1985 to 2026
$347.4M
Translational Bioimaging Core Shared ResourceP30CA015704 · NCI · FRED HUTCHINSON CANCER RESEARCH CENTER · PI Eric Collisson · 1985 to 2026
$296.4M
Translational Research Central ServicesP30CA006973 · NCI · JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY · PI WILLIAM George NELSON · 1985 to 2026
$208.6M
SWOG Foreign AccrualsU10CA037429 · NCI · UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS HLTH SCIENCE CENTER · PI BLANKE, CHARLES D., MEYSKENS, FRANK L. · 1985 to 2014
$205.2M
USC/NORRIS COMPREHENSIVE CANCER CENTER (CORE) SUPPORTP30CA014089 · NCI · UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA · PI MYLES G COCKBURN · 1985 to 2026
$181.4M
Translational Therapeutics Research Program (TT)P30CA016058 · NCI · OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY · PI Jennifer A. Woyach · 1985 to 2026
$132.3M
SWOG NCORP Research BaseUG1CA189974 · NCI · THE HOPE FOUNDATION · PI CHARLES D. BLANKE, DAWN HERSHMAN · 2014 to 2026
$80.6M
Statistical MethodsP01CA087969 · NCI · BRIGHAM AND WOMEN'S HOSPITAL · PI ROSNER, BERNARD A · 2000 to 2019
$77.8M
Validity of Diet and Activity Measures in WomenP01CA055075 · NCI · HARVARD UNIVERSITY (SCH OF PUBLIC HLTH) · PI RIMM, ERIC B · 1991 to 2009
$41.8M
Understanding Population Differences in Cancer: The MEC StudyU01CA164973 · NCI · UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII AT MANOA · PI HAIMAN, CHRISTOPHER ALAN, LE MARCHAND, LOIC · 2015 to 2025
$37.4M
UNC-CH CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH &SUSCEPTIBILITYP30ES010126 · NIEHS · UNIV OF NORTH CAROLINA CHAPEL HILL · PI Stephanie Engel · 2001 to 2026
$36.3M
Tissue and Pathology ResourcesP50CA127003 · NCI · DANA-FARBER CANCER INST · PI BASS, ADAM JOEL · 2007 to 2023
$33.2M
Cancer Research UK 14136Cancer Research UK 16561Cancer Research UK 19167Cancer Research UK C490/A16561Cancer Research UK C570/A16491Cancer Research UK C588/A19167Cancer Research UK C8221/A19170Department of HealthIntramural NIH HHS Z01 CP010200Medical Research Council 1000143Medical Research Council G0401527Medical Research Council G1000143Medical Research Council MR/M012190/1Medical Research Council MR/N003284/1NCATS NIH HHS KL2 TR000421NCI NIH HHS HHSN261201000035CNCI NIH HHS HHSN261201000035INCI NIH HHS HHSN261201300012INCI NIH HHS HHSN261201500005CNCI NIH HHS K05 CA152715NCI NIH HHS K05 CA154337NCI NIH HHS K07 CA190673NCI NIH HHS N01 CN043302NCI NIH HHS N01 CN067009NCI NIH HHS N01 PC035137NCI NIH HHS N01 PC035142NCI NIH HHS P01 CA033619NCI NIH HHS P01 CA055075NCI NIH HHS P01 CA087969NCI NIH HHS P01 CA196569NCI NIH HHS P20 CA252728NCI NIH HHS P30 CA006973NCI NIH HHS P30 CA008748NCI NIH HHS P30 CA014089NCI NIH HHS P30 CA015704NCI NIH HHS P30 CA016058NCI NIH HHS P50 CA127003NCI NIH HHS P50 CA150964NCI NIH HHS R01 CA042182NCI NIH HHS R01 CA048998NCI NIH HHS R01 CA059045NCI NIH HHS R01 CA060987NCI NIH HHS R01 CA063464NCI NIH HHS R01 CA066635NCI NIH HHS R01 CA067941NCI NIH HHS R01 CA072520NCI NIH HHS R01 CA076366NCI NIH HHS R01 CA081488NCI NIH HHS R01 CA097325NCI NIH HHS R01 CA136726NCI NIH HHS R01 CA137178NCI NIH HHS R01 CA143237NCI NIH HHS R01 CA144040NCI NIH HHS R01 CA151993NCI NIH HHS R01 CA160356NCI NIH HHS R01 CA188214NCI NIH HHS R01 CA189184NCI NIH HHS R01 CA193677NCI NIH HHS R01 CA197350NCI NIH HHS R01 CA201407NCI NIH HHS R01 CA204279NCI NIH HHS R01 CA207371NCI NIH HHS R03 CA153323NCI NIH HHS R21 CA191312NCI NIH HHS R35 CA197735NCI NIH HHS R37 CA054281NCI NIH HHS R37 CA227130NCI NIH HHS U01 CA067941NCI NIH HHS U01 CA074783NCI NIH HHS U01 CA074794NCI NIH HHS U01 CA074799NCI NIH HHS U01 CA074800NCI NIH HHS U01 CA074806NCI NIH HHS U01 CA084968NCI NIH HHS U01 CA097735NCI NIH HHS U01 CA122839NCI NIH HHS U01 CA137088NCI NIH HHS U01 CA164930NCI NIH HHS U01 CA164973NCI NIH HHS U01 CA167551NCI NIH HHS U01 CA167552NCI NIH HHS U01 CA182883NCI NIH HHS U01 CA206110NCI NIH HHS U10 CA037429NCI NIH HHS U19 CA148107NCI NIH HHS U24 CA074783NCI NIH HHS U24 CA074794NCI NIH HHS U24 CA074799NCI NIH HHS U24 CA074800NCI NIH HHS U24 CA074806NCI NIH HHS U24 CA097735NCI NIH HHS UG1 CA189974NCI NIH HHS UM1 CA167551NCI NIH HHS UM1 CA167552NCI NIH HHS UM1 CA182883NCI NIH HHS UM1 CA186107NHGRI NIH HHS U01 HG004438NHGRI NIH HHS U01 HG004446NHLBI NIH HHS HHSN268201100001INHLBI NIH HHS HHSN268201100002INHLBI NIH HHS HHSN268201100003INHLBI NIH HHS HHSN268201100004INHLBI NIH HHS HHSN268201100046CNHLBI NIH HHS HHSN268201200008CNHLBI NIH HHS HHSN268201200008INIA NIH HHS HHSN271201100004CNIDDK NIH HHS P30 DK034987NIDDK NIH HHS P30 DK058404NIEHS NIH HHS P30 ES010126NIEHS NIH HHS T32 ES013678WHI NIH HHS HHSN268201100001CWHI NIH HHS HHSN268201100002CWHI NIH HHS HHSN268201100003CWHI NIH HHS HHSN268201100004CWorld Health Organization 001
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND

aimsSusceptibility genes and the underlying mechanisms for the majority of risk loci identified by genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for colorectal cancer (CRC) risk remain largely unknown. We conducted a transcriptome-wide association study (TWAS) to identify putative susceptibility genes.

methodsGene-expression prediction models were built using transcriptome and genetic data from the 284 normal transverse colon tissues of European descendants from the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx), and model performance was evaluated using data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (n = 355). We applied the gene-expression prediction models and GWAS data to evaluate associations of genetically predicted gene-expression with CRC risk in 58,131 CRC cases and 67,347 controls of European ancestry. Dual-luciferase reporter assays and knockdown experiments in CRC cells and tumor xenografts were conducted.

resultsWe identified 25 genes associated with CRC risk at a Bonferroni-corrected threshold of P < 9.1 × 10

conclusionsOur study reveals new putative susceptibility genes and provides new insight into the biological mechanisms underlying CRC development.

Indexed as

Genetic Predisposition to DiseaseModels, GeneticAllelesBiomarkers, TumorCarcinogenesisCase-Control StudiesCohort StudiesColorectal NeoplasmsGene Knockdown TechniquesGenome-Wide Association StudyHumansPolymorphism, Single NucleotidePromoter Regions, GeneticRisk FactorsRNA-SeqXenograft Model Antitumor AssaysBiomarkers, TumorCABLES2Colorectal CancerSusceptibility GenesTWAS

Identifiers

PMID33058866
PMCPMC7956223
OpenAlexW3091888604

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Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.